Runny nose

Overview

A runny nose is when fluid drains from your nose. It can be thin and clear, or thick and coloured. It happens when the inside of your nose makes extra mucus to help clean out germs, allergens (things you are allergic to), or irritants.

Yes, a runny nose is very common. Almost everyone has one at some point, especially during cold and flu season.

It can affect people of all ages. Children get more colds and runny noses because their immune systems are still building up defences. People with allergies or asthma may have runny noses more often.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Clear or coloured fluid dripping from the nose
• Stuffy or blocked nose
• Sneezing
• Mild sore throat or cough

Symptoms in children

• Same symptoms as adults, plus:
• Irritability or fussiness
• Difficulty feeding because of a blocked nose
• Mild fever (temperature) is common with colds

Symptoms in older adults

• Same symptoms as adults, but older adults may have a higher risk of complications like sinusitis or chest infections
• A runny nose can be more bothersome if they already have breathing problems like COPD

Causes

Main causes

• Viral infections like the common cold or flu
• Allergies (hay fever, dust mites, pet dander)
• Irritants like cigarette smoke, perfume, or pollution
• Changes in temperature or humidity
• Certain medications (check with your doctor or pharmacist)

Risk factors

• Being around people with colds
• Having allergies or asthma
• Smoking or being around smoke
• Working in environments with dust, chemicals, or strong smells
• Having a weakened immune system

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have trouble breathing or feel your throat closing up — call your local emergency number
• If you have a very high fever (over 39.5°C or 103°F) that does not respond to fever-reducing medicine
• If you have severe pain around your eyes or forehead that gets worse

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your runny nose lasts more than 10 days without getting better
• If you have thick green or yellow mucus that lasts more than a week
• If you have a fever that stays high or comes and goes for more than a few days
• If you have a weakened immune system and are worried
• If you want to check if your runny nose is from allergies

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about your symptoms and how long you have had them. They will look inside your nose with a small light. They may also ask about your allergies and any medications you take.

Tests that may be done

• Usually no tests are needed for a simple runny nose
• If allergies are suspected, the doctor may refer you for allergy skin tests or a blood test
• If a sinus infection is possible, they may order an X-ray or CT scan of your sinuses

What to expect at your appointment

The visit will likely be quick. The doctor may recommend ways to relieve your symptoms at home. If needed, they might suggest a non-prescription treatment or refer you to an allergy specialist.

Treatment

Treatment for a runny nose depends on the cause. Most viral runny noses need no treatment other than time. For allergies, avoiding triggers and using certain over-the-counter remedies can help. Antibiotics are not helpful for viral infections.

Self-care at home

• Drink plenty of fluids to keep mucus thin
• Use a saline (salt water) nasal spray or rinse to clear your nose — ask your pharmacist how to use it safely
• Use a humidifier or breathe steam from a bowl of warm water to ease stuffiness
• Blow your nose gently, one nostril at a time, to avoid pressure
• Rest as much as you can
• Avoid smoke and strong irritants

Medical treatments

If allergies are causing your runny nose, a doctor may recommend non-drowsy antihistamines (medications that block allergy reactions) or nasal sprays that reduce swelling. For severe or chronic cases, they may refer you to a specialist. Always follow your doctor's advice and never use more than the recommended dose.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for a runny nose. In very rare cases, if there is a structural problem like a polyp (a small growth) blocking the nose, a doctor might suggest a minor procedure to remove it.

Living with this condition

You can manage a runny nose while continuing your daily activities. Carry soft tissues, avoid touching your face too much, and wash your hands often to prevent spreading germs to others.

Lifestyle tips

• Stay hydrated — water and herbal teas are good choices
• If you smoke, try to quit or cut down; avoid being around smokers
• If you have allergies, try to reduce dust and pet dander at home — for example, vacuum regularly and wash bedding in hot water

Diet and exercise

Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables can help your immune system stay strong. Light exercise like walking is fine as long as you feel up to it. Avoid heavy workouts if you have a fever or feel very tired.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A runny nose can be annoying and might disturb your sleep, making you feel grumpy or tired. That is normal. If you feel very anxious or sad about your symptoms, or if they last a long time, talk to your doctor. If you or someone you know is in crisis, contact your local mental health helpline or go to your nearest emergency department.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent a runny nose, especially when caused by a virus. But you can lower your chances by washing your hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and keeping your immune system healthy with good nutrition and sleep.

Vaccines

Annual flu vaccination can help prevent flu-related runny noses. There is no vaccine for the common cold. If you have allergies, allergy shots (immunotherapy) may reduce your reaction over time — talk to your doctor.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening for a runny nose. If you have frequent or long-lasting runny noses, your doctor may test for allergies or other underlying conditions.

Complications

If left untreated

• Sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses) — can cause facial pain and headaches
• Ear infections — especially in children, from blocked drainage
• Worsening of asthma or chronic lung conditions

Long-term outlook

For most people, a runny nose is a minor, short-term issue that gets better on its own. With good self-care, you can recover comfortably. Even if it lasts longer due to allergies, treatments can help you manage it well. Serious complications are rare.

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