Bone density scan preparation

Overview

A bone density scan, also called a DXA scan, is a quick, painless test that measures the strength of your bones. It uses a low dose of X-rays to see how dense your bones are, which helps your healthcare provider check your risk of fractures (broken bones).

Yes, bone density scans are a common outpatient test. Many people have one to check for osteoporosis, especially as they get older.

A bone density scan is often recommended for women after menopause, people over 50 with risk factors for osteoporosis, and anyone who has had a fracture after a minor fall.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Most people have no symptoms of low bone density until a fracture occurs.
• Some may notice a gradual loss of height over time.
• A stooped or hunched posture can develop in severe cases.

Symptoms in children

• A bone density scan in children is rare and usually only done for specific medical conditions like eating disorders or long-term steroid use.

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults often have no symptoms until a wrist, hip, or spine fracture happens.
• Back pain from a spinal fracture may be the first sign.

Causes

Main causes

• Bone density loss is a natural part of aging, especially after menopause in women.
• Low hormone levels (oestrogen in women, testosterone in men) can speed up bone loss.
• Not getting enough calcium or vitamin D over many years weakens bones.

Risk factors

• Being female and postmenopausal
• Family history of osteoporosis or hip fracture
• Low body weight or a small frame
• Smoking or drinking too much alcohol
• Long-term use of steroid medicines (like prednisone)
• Certain medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden severe back pain after a fall or twist — see your doctor or go to urgent care.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Your healthcare provider may recommend a bone density scan if you are over 65 (women) or 70 (men), or if you have risk factors.
• Discuss with your doctor if you have had a fracture after a minor bump or fall.

Diagnosis

A bone density scan (DXA) is the main test used to diagnose osteoporosis. It measures bone mineral density at the hip and spine. Results are compared to a healthy young adult reference (T-score).

Tests that may be done

• Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan
• Sometimes a peripheral scan (using a smaller machine on the wrist, heel, or finger) is used for screening.

What to expect at your appointment

You will lie on a padded table while a machine passes over your lower spine and hips. The scan is painless and takes about 15 minutes. Wear comfortable clothing without metal zippers or buttons. You may be asked to stop calcium supplements 24 hours before the test.

Treatment

If your bone density scan shows low bone density or osteoporosis, treatment focuses on slowing bone loss, strengthening bones, and preventing fractures. This includes lifestyle changes and sometimes medication.

Self-care at home

• Ensure good intake of calcium and vitamin D through diet or supplements as advised by your doctor.
• Do weight-bearing exercises like walking, dancing, or stair climbing.
• Include strength training to build muscle and support bones.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol to no more than 2 drinks per day.

Medical treatments

Your doctor may prescribe a type of medicine called a bisphosphonate (taken as a tablet or injection) or other drugs that help maintain or increase bone density. These are not recommended for everyone and are chosen based on your age, bone density results, and fracture risk. Your doctor will explain the options and possible side effects.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not usually needed for low bone density itself. However, if you have a hip fracture, you may need surgery to repair or replace the hip. Spinal fractures may sometimes be treated with a procedure called vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty.

Living with this condition

If you have osteoporosis, focus on preventing falls at home — remove loose rugs, improve lighting, and use handrails. Be careful with activities that involve bending or twisting the spine. Talk to your doctor about safe exercise.

Lifestyle tips

• Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium (dairy, leafy greens, almonds) and vitamin D (oily fish, fortified foods).
• Get 10-15 minutes of sun exposure most days for vitamin D, or take a supplement if advised.
• Do regular weight-bearing and resistance exercises to keep bones strong.
• Avoid high-impact activities if you already have weak bones.

Diet and exercise

Aim for 1000-1300 mg of calcium per day from food and supplements combined. Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. Good sources include milk, yogurt, cheese, sardines, eggs, and fortified breakfast cereals. For exercise, try brisk walking, jogging, tennis, or hiking at least 30 minutes most days. Also include exercises that improve balance, like tai chi or yoga (avoid poses that twist the spine).

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with osteoporosis or the fear of fractures can cause anxiety or depression. It's normal to feel worried. Talk to your doctor about your feelings and consider joining a support group to share experiences.

Prevention

You can lower your risk of osteoporosis by building strong bones early in life and maintaining bone density as you age. A healthy lifestyle with enough calcium, vitamin D, and exercise is key. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol also helps.

Vaccines

No vaccine directly prevents osteoporosis. However, staying up to date with vaccines (like flu and pneumonia) helps you avoid illnesses that could lead to falls or inactivity.

Screening programmes

A bone density scan is a screening test for osteoporosis. It is recommended for women aged 65 and older, and for younger women and men with risk factors. Talk to your doctor about whether you need a scan based on your age and health history.

Complications

If left untreated

• Higher risk of fractures, especially in the hip, spine, and wrist.
• Spine fractures can cause chronic back pain, height loss, and a hunched posture.
• Hip fractures often require surgery and can make it harder to live independently.

Long-term outlook

With early detection and proper management, most people with osteoporosis lead active, fulfilling lives. Treatments are very effective at reducing fracture risk. Even if fractures have occurred, steps can be taken to prevent future ones and maintain bone health.

Find support

International organisations

• International Osteoporosis Foundation

Local organisations

• Royal Osteoporosis Society (UK) · United Kingdom

Helplines

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