Cystoscopy preparation

Overview

A cystoscopy is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a tiny camera (called a cystoscope) is passed through your urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your body) into your bladder. It lets a doctor see the inside of your bladder and urethra to check for problems.

Yes, cystoscopy is a common diagnostic test for bladder and urinary tract issues.

It affects people of all ages who have bladder or urinary symptoms. Children and older adults may also need it if they have certain signs, such as repeated infections or blood in the urine.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Frequent or painful urination
• A feeling of not being able to empty your bladder completely
• Urinary tract infections that keep coming back
• Pelvic pain

Symptoms in children

• Bedwetting that persists beyond expected age
• Pain or burning when urinating
• Blood in the urine
• Frequent urinary tract infections

Symptoms in older adults

• Blood in the urine
• Difficulty starting urination or weak urine stream
• Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
• Repeated urinary tract infections

Causes

Main causes

• Bladder infections or inflammation (cystitis)
• Bladder stones
• Bladder tumors or polyps
• Enlarged prostate (in men)
• Narrowing of the urethra (stricture)

Risk factors

• Being older than 45
• Smoking
• Family history of bladder cancer
• Frequent urinary tract infections
• Having a weakened immune system

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you see blood in your urine that is not explained by menstruation or injury
• If you have sudden, severe pain in your lower belly or side
• If you are unable to pass urine

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have repeated urinary tract infections
• If you have ongoing pain or discomfort when urinating
• If you have a weak urine stream or feel you can't empty your bladder

Diagnosis

A cystoscopy is the main way to look directly at the inside of your bladder. Before this, your doctor may do other tests to check for problems.

Tests that may be done

• Urine test (urinalysis) to check for infection, blood, or abnormal cells
• Ultrasound of your bladder and kidneys
• CT scan to get detailed images of your urinary tract
• Cystoscopy – the camera test that allows the doctor to see the lining of your bladder and urethra

What to expect at your appointment

Before the cystoscopy, you will be asked to empty your bladder. You may be given a numbing gel or sedation. The doctor will gently insert the cystoscope into your urethra and move it into your bladder. It may feel uncomfortable but should not be very painful. The doctor might take a small tissue sample (biopsy) if needed. Afterward, you can go home the same day. You may have some blood in your urine or a burning feeling for a day or two.

Treatment

Treatment depends on what the cystoscopy finds. It may include medicines, procedures, or surgery to address the underlying cause.

Self-care at home

• Drink plenty of water after the procedure to help flush your bladder
• Rest for the rest of the day
• Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity for 24 hours
• If you have discomfort, use a warm pack on your lower belly (not directly on the skin)

Medical treatments

Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if an infection is found or to prevent infection after the procedure. For other findings, treatments such as medicines to relax the bladder or shrink an enlarged prostate may be recommended. Always follow your doctor's advice and do not take any unapproved medications.

When is surgery considered?

If the cystoscopy finds a tumor, bladder stones, or a narrowing of the urethra, you may need a surgical procedure to remove them or widen the passage. Your doctor will explain the options.

Living with this condition

After a cystoscopy, you can usually return to your normal routine the next day. If a condition is found, you may need follow-up tests or treatments. Most people recover quickly with no long-term changes.

Lifestyle tips

• Drink 6 to 8 glasses of water a day to keep your urinary system healthy
• Avoid drinks that can irritate your bladder, like caffeine, alcohol, and acidic juices
• Don't hold your urine for long periods

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains supports overall health. Gentle exercise like walking is fine after the procedure. Check with your doctor before starting intense activity.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

It is normal to feel anxious about the procedure or the results. If you are worried, talk to your doctor or a trusted friend. Taking deep breaths and focusing on the facts can help.

Prevention

You cannot always prevent the conditions that lead to a cystoscopy, but you can lower your risk of bladder problems by staying hydrated, not smoking, and treating urinary tract infections promptly.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine specifically to prevent bladder problems. However, vaccines for certain infections (like HPV) may lower the risk of some cancers.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for bladder cancer in the general population. Cystoscopy is used when symptoms or risk factors suggest a problem.

Complications

If left untreated

• If the underlying condition is not treated, it may get worse, such as a small bladder tumor growing larger
• Untreated infections can spread to the kidneys
• Bladder stones can block urine flow and cause kidney damage

Long-term outlook

Cystoscopy is a safe procedure with a low risk of complications. Most people have no serious problems. If a condition is found, early treatment often leads to a good outcome. Always follow your healthcare provider's advice.

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