HPV test

Overview

An HPV test is a lab test that looks for high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in cells taken from the cervix. HPV is a common virus that can cause cell changes leading to cervical cancer. The test is often done together with a Pap smear as part of routine cervical screening.

Yes, HPV is very common. The test itself is a routine part of cervical screening in many countries, usually offered every 3 to 5 years for people with a cervix aged 25 to 64.

The HPV test is for people with a cervix, typically starting at age 25 (UK) or 30 (some other countries). It is not used for men or people who have had a total hysterectomy (removal of the cervix).

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Most people with high-risk HPV have no symptoms.
• If cell changes develop, there are often no symptoms until later stages.
• Some people may experience unusual vaginal bleeding, such as after sex or between periods.

Symptoms in children

• HPV testing is not performed in children.

Symptoms in older adults

• For those over 65, HPV testing is usually only done if previous results were abnormal or if new symptoms appear.

Causes

Main causes

• The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes infection. It is spread through skin-to-skin contact, usually during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

Risk factors

• Having multiple sexual partners.
• Having a weakened immune system (e.g., from HIV or medication).
• Smoking tobacco.
• Long-term use of oral contraceptive pills (beyond 5 years).
• Having children at a young age or having many children.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have heavy or unusual vaginal bleeding, bleeding after sex, or pelvic pain that does not go away.

Book a routine appointment if:

• When you are due for your regular cervical screening (every 3 to 5 years depending on age and previous results).
• If you have a new sexual partner or have never been screened.

Diagnosis

The HPV test is done by taking a small sample of cells from the cervix (the lower part of the womb). This is done during a pelvic exam, using a soft brush to gently collect cells. The sample is sent to a lab to look for the DNA of high-risk HPV types.

Tests that may be done

• HPV test (alone or with a Pap smear as co-testing).
• If HPV test is positive for certain high-risk types, a colposcopy (a magnified look at the cervix) may be done.
• If abnormal cells are seen, a biopsy (taking a tiny piece of tissue) may be taken.

What to expect at your appointment

You will lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups. A doctor or nurse will gently insert a speculum (a plastic or metal tool) and use a small brush to sweep cells from the cervix. It takes a few minutes and may cause mild discomfort or a pinching feeling, but it should not be painful. You can go back to normal activities right away.

Treatment

The HPV test itself is a diagnostic test. If it finds high-risk HPV, your doctor will recommend follow-up steps. Treatment is for any abnormal cells that are found. The goal is to remove the abnormal cells before they become cancer.

Self-care at home

• If you smoke, consider quitting – smoking makes it harder for the body to clear HPV.
• Maintain a healthy diet and exercise to support your immune system.
• Practice safe sex using condoms to reduce the risk of spreading HPV (though condoms do not cover all skin).

Medical treatments

If a colposcopy or biopsy shows abnormal cells (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), treatments include: cryotherapy (freezing the cells), laser therapy, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), or conization (surgical removal of a cone-shaped piece of tissue). Your doctor will discuss which option is best based on the type and extent of the cell changes.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery (such as conization) may be needed if the abnormal cells are advanced or if they return after other treatments. In rare cases, more extensive surgery like a hysterectomy may be recommended.

Living with this condition

If you have tested positive for high-risk HPV, it is normal to feel anxious. Most people do not need to change their daily routine. The key is to attend all follow-up appointments as your doctor recommends. Many HPV infections clear within 1–2 years without any treatment.

Lifestyle tips

• Go to all scheduled follow-up tests and appointments.
• Talk openly with your sexual partner(s) – HPV is very common and not a sign of cheating.
• Focus on overall health: eat well, be active, manage stress, and get enough sleep.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may help support a healthy immune system. Regular physical activity (like walking, swimming, or cycling) can also boost your immunity and reduce stress. There is no evidence that specific diets clear HPV, but good nutrition is always beneficial.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A positive HPV test can cause worry or fear of cancer. It is important to remember that most HPV does not lead to cancer. If you feel overwhelmed, talk to your doctor or a counsellor. You can also call a mental health helpline for support.

Prevention

Yes, the HPV vaccine can prevent most cases of high-risk HPV infection that cause cancer. Using condoms can lower your risk, but they do not eliminate it because HPV can infect skin not covered by a condom. Regular cervical screening is also key to prevention.

Vaccines

The HPV vaccine is recommended for all children around age 12–13 (UK) or 11–12 (USA). It is also available for older individuals up to age 45 in some places. The vaccine does not treat existing infections, but it prevents new ones. Ask your healthcare provider about vaccination.

Screening programmes

Regular cervical screening (HPV test or Pap smear) is the best way to detect high-risk HPV and cell changes early. Follow the screening schedule recommended in your country (e.g., every 3 years for ages 25–49, every 5 years for ages 50–64 in the UK).

Complications

If left untreated

• Persistent high-risk HPV can cause cell changes that may develop into cervical cancer over many years.
• Other cancers linked to HPV include vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancer.
• Untreated cell changes may progress to a precancerous condition called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Long-term outlook

The outlook for most people with HPV is very good. The body usually clears the virus within 1–2 years. With regular screening and appropriate follow-up, cervical cancer is highly preventable and treatable. Even if cancer does develop, it is often curable when caught early.

Find support

External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.