Preparing for HPV test

Overview

An HPV test looks for high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cells from the cervix. It is often done as part of cervical screening (a Pap smear). The test helps find HPV infections that could lead to cervical cancer if they do not go away.

Yes, HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Many people have it without knowing.

It affects anyone who has been sexually active. The test is typically recommended for women aged 25 and older as part of cervical screening.

Symptoms

Causes

Main causes

• Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity.

Risk factors

• Having multiple sexual partners
• Not using condoms
• Smoking tobacco
• A weakened immune system (for example, from HIV or medications)

When to see a doctor

Book a routine appointment if:

• When you are due for routine cervical screening (usually every 3 to 5 years depending on your age and test results).
• If you have symptoms like unexplained vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or unusual discharge, even if you are not due for screening.

Diagnosis

The HPV test is performed during a pelvic exam. A healthcare provider gently collects a sample of cells from the cervix using a small brush or spatula. The sample is sent to a lab to check for high-risk HPV types.

Tests that may be done

• HPV test
• Pap test (smear)

What to expect at your appointment

You will lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups. The provider inserts a speculum (a smooth plastic or metal tool) to see the cervix and takes a quick cell sample. You may feel a slight pressure or scratch. The whole process takes a few minutes.

Treatment

A positive HPV test does not always require treatment. Many infections clear on their own. If cell changes (abnormalities) are found, your doctor may recommend monitoring or a procedure to remove the abnormal cells.

Self-care at home

• Attend regular cervical screening as recommended by your healthcare provider.
• Quit smoking, as smoking makes it harder for your body to clear HPV.
• Use condoms during sex to lower the risk of getting new HPV infections.

Medical treatments

If abnormal cells need to be treated, options include cryotherapy (freezing the abnormal area) or a LEEP (a thin wire loop to remove the cells). Your doctor will explain which approach is best for your situation.

Living with this condition

If you test positive for HPV, you can continue your normal life. Most HPV infections clear without causing health problems. Keep up with your recommended check-ups.

Lifestyle tips

• Maintain a healthy immune system with a balanced diet and enough sleep.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol.
• Practice safer sex, including condom use.

Diet and exercise

Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may support your immune system. Regular exercise also helps your body stay healthy and may help clear the virus faster.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

A positive HPV test can be worrying, but remember it is extremely common and often harmless. Talk to your doctor about any fears. If you feel anxious or distressed, consider speaking with a counselor or support group.

Prevention

HPV can be prevented with vaccination and safer sex practices. Using condoms every time you have sex reduces the risk but does not eliminate it entirely.

Vaccines

The HPV vaccine is very effective at preventing the most common high-risk types of HPV. It is recommended for preteens and young adults. Ask your healthcare provider if you are eligible.

Screening programmes

Regular cervical screening (Pap and HPV tests) can find HPV and cell changes early, before they become a problem. Screening is a key part of prevention.

Complications

If left untreated

• If a high-risk HPV infection persists for many years, it can cause cell changes that may lead to cervical cancer if left untreated.
• Some HPV types can cause genital warts, which are not dangerous but can be treated.

Long-term outlook

The outlook is excellent. Most HPV infections go away on their own. Cervical screening programs have greatly reduced the number of cervical cancer cases. If you follow your doctor's advice and attend regular check-ups, the chance of developing serious problems is very low.

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