Hepatitis A vaccine
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
The Hepatitis A vaccine is a shot that protects you against infection with the hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis A is a liver infection that can cause fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). The vaccine is very safe and helps your body build immunity so you don't get sick if you are exposed to the virus.
Key facts
- The Hepatitis A vaccine is usually given as two shots, 6 to 12 months apart.
- It is recommended for people traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common, for people with certain health conditions, and for others at higher risk.
- The vaccine is over 95% effective after the full series and gives long-term protection.
Hepatitis A infections are common in many parts of the world, especially where sanitation is poor. In the UK and other developed countries, cases are less common because of good hygiene and vaccination, but outbreaks can still happen.
Anyone can get hepatitis A, but the vaccine is especially recommended for travelers to areas with poor sanitation, men who have sex with men, people with chronic liver disease, people who use injectable drugs, and those who work in settings with a high risk of exposure.
Symptoms
- Sudden severe pain in the upper right belly
- Confusion or drowsiness
- Vomiting blood or passing black/tarry stools
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes that gets worse quickly
- ⚠Fever with severe nausea or vomiting that prevents keeping fluids down
- ⚠Jaundice that lasts more than a few days without improvement
- ⚠Unusual bleeding or bruising
Common symptoms
- If you get hepatitis A, you might have fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, belly pain, dark urine, clay-colored stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellow skin or eyes). Symptoms usually appear 2 to 6 weeks after exposure.
Symptoms in children
- Many young children (under age 6) with hepatitis A have no symptoms at all. If symptoms do occur, they are usually mild, like a fever or upset stomach.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults and people with other liver problems are more likely to have severe symptoms, such as intense jaundice, liver failure, and need for hospitalization.
Causes
Main causes
- Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus. You get it by eating or drinking something contaminated with the virus, often from food handled by someone who hasn't washed their hands properly, or from contaminated water.
Risk factors
- Travel to countries with high rates of hepatitis A
- Living with someone who has hepatitis A
- Being a man who has sex with men
- Using injectable drugs
- Having chronic liver disease
- Working in a childcare center or healthcare setting where you might come into contact with the virus
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you think you have been exposed to the hepatitis A virus, see a doctor within 2 weeks to possibly receive the vaccine or a medicine called immunoglobulin to prevent infection.
Book a routine appointment if:
- Talk to your doctor or travel clinic about getting the Hepatitis A vaccine before you travel to an area where hepatitis A is common.
- Ask your doctor if you are in a group that should be vaccinated, such as those with chronic liver disease or certain jobs.
Diagnosis
Hepatitis A is diagnosed through a blood test that checks for antibodies (proteins your body makes to fight the virus). Your doctor may also ask about your symptoms and recent travel or food exposures.
Tests that may be done
- Blood test for hepatitis A antibodies (IgM anti-HAV for active infection, IgG anti-HAV for past infection or immunity)
- Liver function tests to see how well your liver is working
What to expect at your appointment
If your doctor suspects hepatitis A, they will order a blood test. Results usually come back in a few days. If you have the infection, you may need to rest and avoid certain medications, but most people recover fully without treatment.
Treatment
There is no specific medicine to cure hepatitis A. Treatment focuses on supporting your body while it clears the virus. Most people recover at home with rest, plenty of fluids, and avoiding alcohol and certain drugs that harm the liver.
Self-care at home
- Get plenty of rest
- Drink clear fluids to stay hydrated
- Eat small, light meals (avoid fatty or spicy foods if you feel nauseous)
- Avoid alcohol and any medications that might strain the liver, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol), unless your doctor says it's safe
Medical treatments
Medical care for hepatitis A is mainly supportive. If symptoms are severe, you may need to be hospitalized for IV fluids and monitoring. In very rare cases of liver failure, a liver transplant may be considered. Vaccination is the best way to prevent needing any treatment.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is not used to treat hepatitis A. In extremely rare cases of liver failure, a liver transplant might be needed.
Living with this condition
If you have hepatitis A, you will likely need to stay home from work or school for a few weeks to rest and to avoid passing the virus to others. Practice good hand washing, avoid preparing food for others, and use your own towels and utensils until you are no longer contagious.
Lifestyle tips
- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the bathroom and before handling food
- Avoid sharing food, drinks, or personal items like toothbrushes
- Follow your doctor's advice about when it is safe to return to normal activities
Diet and exercise
Eat a balanced diet as your appetite allows. Avoid alcohol completely during recovery. Gentle exercise like walking can help, but rest when you feel tired. Your doctor will give you specific advice based on your symptoms.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Being sick for several weeks can feel frustrating or lonely. It is normal to feel worried or down. Talk to your doctor if you feel overwhelmed, and consider reaching out to a therapist or support group. Remember that most people recover fully.
Prevention
Yes, hepatitis A is easily preventable with the Hepatitis A vaccine. Good hand washing and safe food and water practices also help reduce risk.
Vaccines
The Hepatitis A vaccine is given as a series of two injections. The first shot provides protection within a few weeks, and the second shot (given 6 to 12 months later) provides long-term protection. It is recommended for travelers, people at higher risk, and anyone who wants to protect themselves. Ask your doctor or travel clinic about getting vaccinated.
Screening programmes
Routine screening for hepatitis A is not usually recommended for the general public. However, a blood test can check if you have antibodies from a past infection or vaccination. This may be done before vaccination in some cases.
Complications
If left untreated
- Liver inflammation that can last several months
- Rarely, acute liver failure (especially in older adults or those with other liver diseases)
- Prolonged fatigue that may last for weeks or months
Long-term outlook
The vast majority of people with hepatitis A recover completely with no lasting liver damage. Once you recover, you are immune for life. The Hepatitis A vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent this infection entirely.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- NHS website ↗ · UK
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 20, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.