Breast Cancer

Gambaran umum

Breast cancer is a condition where cells in the breast grow and divide in an uncontrolled way, forming a lump or mass called a tumour. These abnormal cells can sometimes spread to other parts of the body if not treated. The breast is made up of glands, ducts (tiny tubes that carry milk), and fatty tissue — breast cancer can start in any of these areas, though it most often begins in the ducts or glands. Not all lumps in the breast are cancer — many are benign (not harmful) — but it is always important to get any changes checked by a healthcare professional.

Breast cancer is very common. Globally, it is the most frequently diagnosed cancer. In the UK alone, around 55,000 people are diagnosed each year, according to NHS data. Roughly 1 in 7 women in the UK will develop breast cancer at some point in their lifetime. The good news is that more people than ever are living full, healthy lives after a breast cancer diagnosis, thanks to earlier detection and better treatments.

Breast cancer can affect anyone, but it is most common in women over the age of 50. Younger women can also develop it, and while rare, men can too. People with a strong family history of breast cancer, or those with certain gene changes (mutations), may have a higher risk. It affects people of all ethnicities and backgrounds, though risk levels can vary between different groups.

Gejala

Gejala umum

• A new lump or thickening in the breast or armpit area that feels different from the surrounding tissue
• A change in the size, shape, or appearance of one or both breasts
• Skin changes on the breast, such as dimpling, puckering, or a texture that looks like orange peel
• A change in the nipple, such as it turning inward (becoming inverted) when it was not before
• Discharge (fluid) from the nipple that is not breast milk, especially if it appears without squeezing and is bloodstained
• Redness, soreness, or a rash on the skin of the breast or nipple
• Persistent pain in the breast or armpit that is unusual for you

Gejala pada anak-anak

• Breast cancer in children is extremely rare. However, if a child develops an unusual lump in the chest area, nipple discharge, or skin changes, a parent or carer should arrange for a doctor to check this without delay.
• Most lumps found in children and teenagers are benign (harmless) and related to normal growth, but any concerns should always be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Gejala pada lansia

• In older adults, breast cancer risk increases with age — the majority of cases occur in people over 50.
• Older adults may sometimes dismiss symptoms like a lump or skin changes as 'just part of ageing' — it is important not to ignore these and to speak with a doctor.
• Routine mammogram (breast X-ray) screening is particularly important for older adults as it can detect cancer before any symptoms appear.
• Pain is not always a feature, and some older adults may not notice subtle changes — this is why regular self-checks and screening appointments matter.

Penyebab

Penyebab utama

• Breast cancer develops when the DNA (the genetic instructions inside cells) becomes damaged or changes in a way that makes cells grow abnormally and out of control.
• In most cases, these DNA changes happen by chance over a person's lifetime — there is no single clear cause.
• In some people (around 5–10% of cases), an inherited gene change (mutation) passed down through families — such as changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes — significantly raises the risk of developing breast cancer.
• Hormonal factors play a role: oestrogen (a female hormone) can fuel the growth of certain types of breast cancer cells.
• Lifestyle and environmental factors can increase DNA damage over time, contributing to cancer development.

Faktor risiko

• Getting older — risk increases significantly after age 50
• Being female, though men are also at risk
• Having a close relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has had breast cancer, especially at a young age
• Carrying an inherited gene mutation such as in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene
• Having previously had breast cancer or certain non-cancerous breast conditions
• Dense breast tissue (breasts with more glandular and fibrous tissue than fatty tissue, seen on a mammogram)
• Starting periods (menstruation) at a young age or going through the menopause late — both lead to longer lifetime exposure to oestrogen
• Never having been pregnant, or having a first pregnancy after age 30
• Not breastfeeding (breastfeeding can offer a modest protective effect)
• Being overweight or obese, especially after the menopause
• Drinking alcohol — even small amounts raise risk slightly, and the more you drink, the higher the risk
• Not being physically active
• Previous radiation (radiotherapy) treatment to the chest area
• Having had hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for several years — the risk level depends on the type and duration

Kapan harus ke dokter

Segera temui dokter jika:

• You notice a new lump or thickening in your breast or armpit
• You see changes in the skin of your breast such as dimpling, puckering, or redness
• Your nipple has changed shape, turned inward, or is producing unusual discharge
• One breast has changed in size or shape compared to the other
• You have a rash or persistent soreness around the nipple that does not settle
• You feel persistent, unexplained pain in your breast or armpit

Buat janji temu rutin jika:

• Attend all routine breast screening (mammogram) appointments — in the UK, the NHS invites women aged 50 to 70 every three years
• Talk to your doctor if you have a strong family history of breast cancer or are worried about your personal risk
• Ask about genetic testing if several close relatives on the same side of the family have had breast or ovarian cancer
• Discuss any concerns about lifestyle factors, such as alcohol use or body weight, and how they relate to breast cancer risk

Diagnosis

If you see a doctor about a breast change, they will start by asking about your symptoms, medical history, and family history. They will then examine your breasts carefully. In most cases, you will be referred to a specialist breast clinic — in the UK, NHS guidelines aim for this to happen within two weeks if cancer is suspected. At the clinic, a team of specialists will use a combination of tests to find out exactly what is going on. The process is thorough and may take a few appointments, but each step is designed to give doctors the clearest possible picture before deciding on any treatment.

Tes yang mungkin dilakukan

• Mammogram — a low-dose X-ray of the breast that can reveal abnormal areas, including some too small to feel
• Ultrasound scan — uses sound waves to create images of the breast tissue; particularly useful for examining lumps in younger women or those with denser breast tissue
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan — uses magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images; used in specific situations such as for people at higher genetic risk or to assess the size of a tumour
• Biopsy — a small sample of cells or tissue is taken from the suspicious area using a fine needle or a slightly larger needle (core biopsy); this is the only way to confirm definitively whether cells are cancerous
• Pathology (lab testing) — the biopsy sample is examined in a laboratory to determine the type of breast cancer, how quickly it may grow (grade), and whether it responds to hormones or other specific treatments
• Staging tests — if cancer is confirmed, further scans (such as CT scans or bone scans) may be done to check whether cancer has spread to other parts of the body

Apa yang diharapkan saat janji temu

Being referred to a breast clinic does not mean you definitely have cancer — many people who attend are found to have benign conditions. Appointments may feel nerve-wracking, but the clinic team is experienced in supporting patients through this process. You will usually receive results within a couple of weeks. If cancer is diagnosed, your team will explain the type and stage (how far it has developed) and will discuss all your treatment options with you. You have the right to ask questions, take notes, and bring a trusted person with you to appointments.

Perawatan

Breast cancer treatment has advanced enormously over recent decades, and most people diagnosed today have a wide range of effective options. The treatment recommended for you will depend on the type and stage of breast cancer, the characteristics of the cancer cells (such as whether they are fuelled by hormones), your overall health, and your personal wishes. Treatment is usually planned by a multidisciplinary team (MDT) — a group of specialists including surgeons, oncologists (cancer doctors), radiologists, and specialist nurses who work together to recommend the best plan for you. Many people have a combination of treatments.

Perawatan mandiri di rumah

• Attend all medical appointments and follow-up checks — early detection of any changes is vital
• Take care of your skin around any treatment area — ask your care team for guidance on gentle products to use
• Rest when you need to, and try not to feel guilty about it — your body is working hard
• Stay as active as possible in a gentle way — even short walks can help with fatigue and mood
• Eat nutritious, balanced meals as much as you can — nausea from treatment can make this hard, so ask your team about dietary support
• Avoid alcohol during treatment, or limit it as much as possible
• Accept help from family and friends — let people support you practically, whether with meals, transport, or company
• Keep a diary of symptoms or side effects to share with your care team so they can help manage them
• Look after your emotional health — this is just as important as physical care

Perawatan medis

Treatment for breast cancer can involve several different approaches, often used in combination. Surgery is commonly used to remove the cancer from the breast — this may mean removing just the tumour and some surrounding tissue (known as a lumpectomy or wide local excision) or removing the entire breast (mastectomy). Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays to destroy any remaining cancer cells in the breast area after surgery. Systemic (whole-body) treatments work through the bloodstream to target cancer cells throughout the body — these include chemotherapy (medicines that kill fast-growing cells), hormonal therapies (medicines that block the hormones that feed hormone-sensitive cancers), and targeted therapies (medicines designed to attack specific features of certain cancer cells). Treatment plans are tailored to the individual and your care team will explain each option clearly, including what to expect and how side effects can be managed.

Kapan operasi dipertimbangkan?

Surgery is a central part of treatment for most people with early-stage breast cancer. The type of surgery recommended will depend on the size and location of the tumour, the type of breast cancer, and your personal preferences. Your surgeon will discuss the options — including reconstruction (rebuilding the breast) after a mastectomy — with you thoroughly before any decisions are made. In some cases, treatment such as chemotherapy may be given before surgery to shrink the tumour first. Surgery may also be used to check the lymph nodes (small glands under the armpit) to see if cancer has spread. You will have time to ask questions and make an informed choice.

Hidup dengan kondisi ini

Living with breast cancer — whether you are going through treatment or recovering afterwards — involves adjusting to changes in your body, your emotions, and your daily routine. Some days will feel harder than others, and that is completely normal. Fatigue (tiredness) is one of the most common challenges during and after treatment. It can help to plan your day around your energy levels, rest without guilt, and accept that your pace of life may need to slow down for a while. Many people find that, with time and the right support, they are able to return to the activities and relationships they love.

Tips gaya hidup

• Try to maintain a gentle exercise routine — even short walks help reduce fatigue and support your mood
• Keep alcohol intake to a minimum, or avoid it entirely if possible
• Do not smoke — smoking can interfere with treatment and recovery
• Try to manage stress with techniques that work for you — breathing exercises, mindfulness, gentle yoga, or talking to someone you trust
• Keep up with all follow-up appointments — these are important for monitoring your recovery and catching any changes early
• Talk to your employer about flexible working arrangements if you need them during treatment
• Be open with close family members and friends about how you are feeling and what kind of support you need
• Connect with others who have been through similar experiences — peer support can be incredibly powerful

Diet dan olahraga

There is no specific diet proven to cure breast cancer, but eating well supports your overall health and helps your body cope with treatment. Try to eat a varied, balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruits, wholegrains, and lean proteins. Processed foods and excess saturated fat are best kept to a minimum. If nausea or appetite changes are making eating difficult during treatment, a dietitian (a specialist in food and nutrition) can offer personalised advice — ask your care team for a referral. Exercise has been shown in research to reduce fatigue, improve mood, and may support recovery. You do not need to do intense workouts — gentle activity such as walking, swimming, or yoga is beneficial. Always check with your care team before starting a new exercise programme during or after treatment.

Kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan emosional

A breast cancer diagnosis can bring a wave of emotions — shock, fear, sadness, anger, and uncertainty are all completely natural. Anxiety and depression are common among people going through cancer treatment, and there is no shame in struggling emotionally. Body image and self-esteem can also be affected, particularly if surgery changes the appearance of your breast or if treatment causes hair loss or other visible side effects. It is important to talk about how you are feeling — with your care team, a counsellor, a therapist, or a support group. Your breast care nurse or oncologist can refer you to psychological support services. You do not have to cope alone, and reaching out for help is a sign of strength, not weakness. If you ever feel overwhelmed to the point of not wanting to go on, please reach out to a crisis support line or speak to someone you trust immediately — support is available.

Pencegahan

There is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer, and it is important to know that many people who develop it have no obvious risk factors. However, there are lifestyle choices that can reduce your risk. Maintaining a healthy weight — especially after the menopause — is one of the most impactful steps, as excess body fat can raise oestrogen levels. Limiting alcohol intake or avoiding it altogether reduces risk, as does not smoking. Regular physical activity has been shown to lower breast cancer risk. Breastfeeding, if you are able to, may offer a modest protective benefit. If you have a high familial or genetic risk, your doctor may discuss preventive options with you, such as more frequent screening or — in specific high-risk cases — other preventive measures. Talk to your healthcare provider about your personal risk and what steps make sense for you.

Vaksin

There is currently no vaccine available to prevent breast cancer. Research in this area is ongoing, but at present, no vaccine has been approved for breast cancer prevention.

Program skrining

Breast screening uses a mammogram (a low-dose X-ray of the breast) to detect changes before symptoms appear. In the UK, the NHS Breast Screening Programme invites women aged 50 to 70 for a mammogram every three years. Some women at higher risk may be offered more frequent screening or additional tests such as MRI scans, starting at a younger age. Even between screening appointments, it is important to check your breasts regularly and be familiar with what is normal for you — so you notice if something changes. If you are unsure how to check your breasts, ask your GP or practice nurse to show you. Screening is not perfect, but it saves thousands of lives each year by catching cancers early when treatment is most effective.

Komplikasi

Jika tidak diobati

• Cancer cells can spread (metastasise) from the breast to nearby lymph nodes (glands under the armpit or near the collarbone) and then to other organs in the body
• Common sites of spread include the bones, liver, lungs, and brain — this is known as secondary or metastatic breast cancer
• Untreated cancer in the breast can cause the tumour to grow larger, potentially breaking through the skin and causing open wounds that are painful and prone to infection
• Spread to the bones can cause bone pain, fractures, and in serious cases, compression of the spinal cord
• Advanced cancer can cause significant fatigue, weight loss, and a reduced ability to carry out daily activities
• Without treatment, breast cancer that has spread can ultimately be life-threatening

Prospek jangka panjang

The outlook for breast cancer has genuinely improved year on year, and the majority of people diagnosed today — especially when caught early — go on to live long and fulfilling lives. In England, around 85% of women diagnosed with breast cancer survive for at least five years, and many go on to live for decades. Even for those with more advanced cancer, treatments continue to improve, and many people live well for years with metastatic (spread) breast cancer. Every person's situation is different, and your care team will give you the most relevant information for your specific diagnosis. There is real hope — and you are not alone on this journey.

Cari dukungan

Organisasi internasional

• World Cancer Research Fund International ↗
• Susan G. Komen (Global Breast Cancer Resources) ↗
• Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) ↗
• Breast Cancer Without Borders ↗

Organisasi lokal

• Breast Cancer Now ↗ · UK
• Macmillan Cancer Support ↗ · UK
• NHS Breast Screening Programme ↗ · UK
• Cancer Research UK — Breast Cancer Information ↗ · UK
• National Breast Cancer Foundation (Australia) ↗ · Australia
• Canadian Cancer Society — Breast Cancer ↗ · Canada

Saluran bantuan

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