Kanker Paru-Paru

Gambaran umum

Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs grow out of control, forming a tumour. This can affect breathing and spread to other parts of the body if not treated.

Yes, lung cancer is very common. It is the second most diagnosed cancer in both men and women globally.

Mostly people over 60, but it can occur at any age. It affects both men and women, and rates are higher in people who smoke or have a history of smoking.

Gejala

Gejala umum

• A persistent cough that doesn't go away or gets worse
• Coughing up blood or rust-coloured phlegm
• Chest pain that is constant or worsens with deep breathing or coughing
• Shortness of breath or wheezing
• Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite
• Feeling very tired all the time
• Hoarseness
• Frequent lung infections like bronchitis or pneumonia

Gejala pada anak-anak

• Lung cancer in children is very rare. If it occurs, symptoms may include persistent cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath, similar to adults.

Gejala pada lansia

• Older adults may have the same symptoms, but they might mistake them for normal aging or other long-term conditions like COPD. They should still see a doctor.

Penyebab

Penyebab utama

• Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes – this is the number one cause.
• Exposure to secondhand smoke (breathing in smoke from others).
• Long-term exposure to certain chemicals or substances like asbestos, radon gas, or diesel exhaust.

Faktor risiko

• Smoking or using tobacco products
• Having a family history of lung cancer
• Being over the age of 60
• Having a personal history of other lung diseases like COPD or pulmonary fibrosis
• Exposure to air pollution over many years

Kapan harus ke dokter

Segera temui dokter jika:

• If you cough up blood – even just a little.
• If you have a persistent cough that lasts more than 3 weeks.
• If you have unexplained weight loss, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

Buat janji temu rutin jika:

• If you are a current or former smoker and are due for a health check-up, mention any new symptoms.
• If you have a family history of lung cancer, talk to your doctor about your risk.

Diagnosis

If your doctor suspects lung cancer, they will ask about your symptoms, lifestyle, and family history. They may order tests to look for signs of cancer in your lungs.

Tes yang mungkin dilakukan

• Chest X-ray – a simple scan to look for abnormal spots in your lungs.
• CT scan – a more detailed scan that gives a 3D picture of your lungs.
• Biopsy – taking a small sample of lung tissue to check for cancer cells.
• PET scan – a scan to see if cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
• Sputum cytology – checking phlegm for cancer cells.

Apa yang diharapkan saat janji temu

You will likely see a lung specialist (respiratory doctor). Tests are usually done as an outpatient, meaning you don't stay in hospital overnight. A biopsy may need a short hospital stay. Results can take a few days to a week. Your doctor will explain everything step by step.

Perawatan

Treatment for lung cancer depends on the type, stage, and your overall health. Options aim to remove or destroy the cancer, control its growth, or relieve symptoms. Your care team will create a plan just for you.

Perawatan mandiri di rumah

• Quit smoking – this is the most important thing you can do to help treatment work better.
• Eat a balanced diet to keep your strength up.
• Get plenty of rest and listen to your body.
• Stay active as much as you can, with gentle activities like walking.
• Talk to your doctor about pain or other symptoms – there are ways to manage them.

Perawatan medis

Medical treatments include surgery to remove the tumour, radiation therapy (high-energy beams), chemotherapy (drugs that kill cancer cells), immunotherapy (helps your immune system fight cancer), and targeted therapy (drugs that attack specific changes in cancer cells). Your doctor will discuss the best option for you. Never take any new treatments without talking to your doctor first.

Kapan operasi dipertimbangkan?

Surgery is often an option if the cancer is found early and is in one spot. It involves removing the part of the lung containing the cancer. Surgery may not be recommended if the cancer has spread or if your lungs are not strong enough.

Hidup dengan kondisi ini

Living with lung cancer can be challenging. You may feel tired, short of breath, or have pain. Pace yourself, and don't be afraid to ask for help. Keep a routine that includes rest and light activity. Work with your medical team to manage side effects.

Tips gaya hidup

• Stay away from smoke and other lung irritants.
• Protect yourself from infections – wash your hands often and get flu and pneumonia vaccines if your doctor advises.
• Consider joining a support group to share experiences with others.
• Keep all your medical appointments.

Diet dan olahraga

Eat small, frequent meals if you have trouble eating. Focus on protein-rich foods like eggs, fish, and beans. Drink plenty of water. Gentle exercise, like walking or stretching, can help maintain strength and improve mood. Always check with your doctor before starting new activities.

Kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan emosional

A lung cancer diagnosis can bring sadness, anxiety, or worry. It is normal to feel this way. Talk to your care team – they can connect you with a counsellor or support service. If you ever feel overwhelmed or have thoughts of harming yourself, call a crisis helpline right away.

Pencegahan

Not all cases can be prevented, but you can lower your risk significantly. The single best step is to never start smoking, or to quit smoking if you do. Avoid secondhand smoke and limit exposure to workplace chemicals. Stay active and eat a healthy diet.

Vaksin

There is no vaccine to prevent lung cancer, but vaccines for flu and pneumonia are recommended to protect your lungs from infections.

Program skrining

In some countries, people at high risk (e.g., long-term heavy smokers aged 55-74) may be offered low-dose CT screening to find lung cancer early. Ask your doctor if this is right for you.

Komplikasi

Jika tidak diobati

• Cancer can spread to other organs, like the brain, liver, or bones.
• Fluid can build up around the lungs, causing more breathing trouble.
• Severe pain, weight loss, and weakness can worsen.
• Blockage of large blood vessels or airways can be life-threatening.

Prospek jangka panjang

The outlook for lung cancer depends on the stage and type, as well as your general health. Many people with early-stage lung cancer can be treated successfully. Even for advanced cancer, treatments can help control the disease and improve quality of life. Survival rates have been improving thanks to new treatments. Your doctor can give you a more personalised outlook based on your situation.

Cari dukungan

Organisasi internasional

• Cancer Research UK ↗
• American Cancer Society ↗
• Lung Cancer Alliance (now part of GO2 Foundation) ↗

Organisasi lokal

• NHS UK - Lung Cancer ↗ · UK
• Macmillan Cancer Support ↗ · UK

Saluran bantuan

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