Coeliac Disease

Gambaran umum

Coeliac disease is a condition where your immune system reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This reaction damages the lining of your small intestine and stops your body from absorbing nutrients properly.

Coeliac disease affects about 1 in 100 people worldwide, but many remain undiagnosed.

It can affect anyone at any age, but it is more common in people with a family history of the condition or certain other autoimmune diseases.

Gejala

Gejala umum

• Diarrhoea
• Bloating and gas
• Fatigue
• Anaemia (low iron)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Abdominal pain

Gejala pada anak-anak

• Failure to thrive (poor growth)
• Delayed growth
• Irritability
• Chronic diarrhoea
• Vomiting

Gejala pada lansia

• Fatigue
• Anaemia
• Bone or joint pain
• Skin rash (dermatitis herpetiformis)
• Mild digestive symptoms

Penyebab

Penyebab utama

• Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition triggered by eating gluten in people who have a genetic predisposition.

Faktor risiko

• Family history of coeliac disease (first-degree relative)
• Type 1 diabetes
• Down syndrome
• Autoimmune thyroid disease
• Genetic markers HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8

Kapan harus ke dokter

Segera temui dokter jika:

• If you have severe abdominal pain, bloody stools, or signs of dehydration.

Buat janji temu rutin jika:

• If you have ongoing digestive problems like diarrhoea, bloating, or abdominal pain.
• If you have unexplained weight loss or persistent fatigue.
• If a close family member has been diagnosed with coeliac disease.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves a blood test to check for specific antibodies, followed by a biopsy of the small intestine to confirm damage. It is important to continue eating gluten before testing, as stopping can affect results.

Tes yang mungkin dilakukan

• Blood test for tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG-IgA)
• If positive, an upper endoscopy with biopsy of the small intestine

Apa yang diharapkan saat janji temu

The blood test is simple, like a routine blood draw. The endoscopy is done under sedation and takes about 15–20 minutes. You can usually go home the same day.

Perawatan

The main treatment is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. This allows the intestine to heal and symptoms to improve over time. A dietitian can help you plan and maintain the diet.

Perawatan mandiri di rumah

• Eat only foods that are naturally gluten-free: fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, eggs, dairy, rice, quinoa, and potatoes.
• Avoid all foods containing wheat, barley, and rye.
• Check food labels carefully – gluten can be hidden in sauces, soups, and processed foods.
• Prevent cross-contamination at home by using separate toasters, cutting boards, and utensils.
• Inform restaurants of your needs when eating out.

Perawatan medis

Your doctor may recommend vitamin and mineral supplements to correct deficiencies, such as iron, folate, calcium, and vitamin D. In some cases, medications can help manage associated conditions. A dietitian can provide personalised advice. No specific drugs are approved to treat coeliac disease itself.

Kapan operasi dipertimbangkan?

Surgery is not a treatment for coeliac disease. It may be needed in rare cases if serious complications, such as intestinal lymphoma, occur.

Hidup dengan kondisi ini

Living with coeliac disease requires careful attention to diet, but many people lead healthy, active lives. It is important to read food labels and communicate your needs when eating out. Over time, following the diet becomes second nature.

Tips gaya hidup

• Build a daily routine around naturally gluten-free whole foods.
• Find gluten-free alternatives for bread, pasta, and other staples.
• Plan ahead when travelling or attending social events.
• Join a support group for tips and encouragement.

Diet dan olahraga

A balanced gluten-free diet combined with regular exercise helps maintain overall health and bone strength. Pay special attention to calcium and vitamin D, as these are important for bone health. A dietitian can help ensure you are getting all necessary nutrients.

Kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan emosional

Living with a chronic condition can be stressful. Some people feel anxious or isolated about food choices. It is important to acknowledge these feelings and seek support from a doctor, counsellor, or support group if needed. You are not alone.

Pencegahan

Coeliac disease cannot be prevented if you have the genetic risk. Some research suggests that how and when gluten is introduced in infancy may affect risk, but this is not proven. If you have a family history, talk to your doctor about monitoring.

Program skrining

Screening is not recommended for the general population, but may be advised for close relatives of someone with coeliac disease. Discuss this with your doctor.

Komplikasi

Jika tidak diobati

• Malnutrition due to poor absorption of nutrients
• Osteoporosis (weak, brittle bones)
• Infertility or miscarriage
• Lactose intolerance
• Rarely, certain cancers (like intestinal lymphoma)

Prospek jangka panjang

With a strict gluten-free diet, most people with coeliac disease can live healthy, normal lives. The intestine heals over time, and symptoms usually improve within weeks to months. Staying on top of your diet is key to long-term health.

Cari dukungan

Organisasi internasional

• Coeliac UK ↗
• Celiac Disease Foundation ↗
• Coeliac Australia ↗

Organisasi lokal

• Coeliac UK ↗ · United Kingdom
• Celiac Disease Foundation ↗ · United States
• Canadian Celiac Association ↗ · Canada

Saluran bantuan

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