Surgery·Surgery
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
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A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure used to check whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, the small glands that help filter fluids and fight infection. It is most often done for breast cancer or melanoma (a type of skin cancer). The sentinel node is the first lymph node that cancer cells would likely reach after leaving the original tumour. By removing and testing this node, doctors can see if the cancer has started to spread without removing many nodes.
Key facts
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a standard procedure for many people with breast cancer or melanoma. It is not rare, but not every person with cancer needs it — your doctor will decide based on your specific situation.
It is mainly used for people diagnosed with certain types of cancer, especially breast cancer and melanoma. It may also be used for some other cancers, such as vulval or penile cancer, but this is less common.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is not used to diagnose cancer — it is done after cancer has been found to see if it has spread. The procedure is usually part of the treatment plan.
You will have a small cut (incision), usually in your armpit or groin. The surgeon will find the sentinel node using the tracer and dye, remove it, and send it to a lab. You will be under general anaesthesia or local anaesthesia with sedation. The procedure takes about an hour. You may have some bruising or a temporary blue discolouration of your urine and skin from the dye, which fades within a day or two.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy itself is a diagnostic procedure, not a treatment. However, the result helps guide further treatment. If the sentinel node contains cancer cells, additional treatment may be needed — such as removing more lymph nodes, or using radiotherapy or medication (chemotherapy or targeted therapy). Your doctor will explain what the findings mean for you.
If the sentinel node is positive (contains cancer), your cancer team may recommend further surgery to remove additional lymph nodes (lymph node dissection). They may also suggest post-operative treatments such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy — depending on the type and stage of cancer. Always discuss all options with your specialist.
Most people recover quickly from sentinel lymph node biopsy. You can usually return to normal activities within a few days. However, you may have some numbness or tingling near the incision for a few weeks. If you had a lymph node dissection later, you may need to take precautions to prevent arm swelling, such as avoiding blood draws or injections in that arm.
A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean protein can support healing. Moderate exercise, such as walking, is fine after the first day or two. Avoid heavy lifting or vigorous activity until your doctor says it is safe.
Waiting for biopsy results can be stressful. It is normal to feel anxious or worried. Talk to your healthcare team about your feelings. They can connect you with a counsellor or support group. If you feel overwhelmed, reach out to a mental health professional or a crisis helpline.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a test, not a disease, so there is nothing to prevent. However, early detection and treatment of cancer may help reduce the chance of needing extensive lymph node surgery.
For most people, sentinel lymph node biopsy is a safe, low-risk procedure that gives important information to guide cancer treatment. When cancer is found in the sentinel node, early treatment can still be very effective. Thanks to modern treatments, many people with positive nodes go on to live full, healthy lives. Your healthcare team will tailor a plan just for you.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 9, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure. It is usually done at the same time as your main cancer surgery (for example, lumpectomy or mastectomy). In some cases, it is done as a separate, shorter operation.