When to seek care for panic

Overview

A panic attack is a sudden wave of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes. It can feel like you’re losing control, having a heart attack, or even dying. Panic attacks are not dangerous, but they can be very frightening.

Yes, panic attacks are very common. Many people experience one or two panic attacks in their lifetime. Panic disorder affects about 2-3% of people each year.

Panic attacks can affect anyone, but they often begin in late adolescence or early adulthood. Women are more likely than men to develop panic disorder.

Symptoms

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause of panic attacks is not fully understood, but they likely result from a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors.
• Panic attacks can be triggered by stress, traumatic events, or major life changes.
• Some people’s brains may be more sensitive to signals of danger, causing a 'false alarm'.

Risk factors

• Family history of panic attacks or panic disorder

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If panic attacks are accompanied by chest pain, severe difficulty breathing, or feeling like you might pass out, seek emergency care.
• If you have thoughts of harming yourself or others during a panic attack, call your local emergency number immediately.

Book a routine appointment if:

• Talk to your GP if you have had a panic attack and are worried about having another.
• See your doctor if panic attacks are affecting your daily life, such as keeping you from going to work or socialising.

Diagnosis

Your GP will ask about your symptoms, how often they happen, and how they affect you. They will also check for any physical causes that might mimic panic attacks, such as heart or thyroid problems.

Tests that may be done

• Physical exam and listening to your heart and lungs
• Blood tests to check for conditions like an overactive thyroid or low blood sugar
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to check your heart's rhythm
• Questionnaires about your symptoms and anxiety levels

What to expect at your appointment

Diagnosis is based on your description of symptoms and ruling out other conditions. Your doctor may refer you to a mental health specialist for further assessment. The process is collaborative and focused on finding the right support for you.

Treatment

Treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder is very effective. It usually involves talking therapies, sometimes with medication as a short-term option. The goal is to help you manage symptoms and reduce the fear of having another attack.

Self-care at home

• Learn about panic attacks – understanding that they are not dangerous can reduce fear.
• Practice slow, deep breathing when you feel a panic attack starting.
• Grounding techniques, like focusing on what you can see, hear, and touch, can help you stay in the present.
• Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine, as they can trigger or worsen panic attacks.

Living with this condition

Living with panic attacks can be challenging, but with support you can learn to cope. Many people find that symptoms improve significantly with treatment. It helps to build a routine, manage stress, and have a plan for when a panic attack happens.

Lifestyle tips

• Establish a consistent daily routine to create a sense of predictability.
• Limit or avoid stimulants like caffeine and sugar.
• Make time for relaxation, hobbies, and activities you enjoy.
• Join a support group, either in-person or online, to connect with others who understand.

Prevention

It may not be possible to prevent panic attacks entirely, but you can reduce the risk by managing stress, practising relaxation techniques, and recognising early warning signs. If you have had panic attacks in the past, sticking with treatment can help prevent recurrences.

Complications

If left untreated

• Avoidance of places or situations where panic attacks have occurred (agoraphobia)
• Increased anxiety and worry about having more attacks
• Depression and social isolation
• Difficulty with work, school, or relationships
• Increased risk of substance use as a way to cope

Long-term outlook

With proper treatment, most people with panic attacks or panic disorder improve significantly. Many become free of panic attacks entirely. It may take time, but there is hope and effective help available.

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