constipation in pregnancy
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Constipation means having hard, dry bowel movements (poo) that are difficult to pass, or going less often than is normal for you. During pregnancy, it is a very common discomfort caused by hormonal changes, pressure from the growing baby, and sometimes iron supplements.
Key facts
- Constipation happens when waste moves through your intestines more slowly than usual.
- Pregnancy hormones can relax the muscles in the bowel, making stools harder to pass.
- Up to 1 in 3 pregnant people experience constipation, especially during the first and second trimesters.
Yes. Constipation is one of the most common digestive problems during pregnancy. It affects many pregnant people, though numbers vary.
It can affect anyone who is pregnant. You may be more likely to get it if you had constipation before pregnancy, take iron supplements, drink too little fluid, or eat a low-fibre diet.
Symptoms
- Sudden, severe abdominal pain that does not go away
- Abdominal pain together with fever, chills, vomiting or fainting
- Inability to pass stool or gas at all, with severe cramping
- ⚠Constipation lasting longer than three weeks despite self-care
- ⚠New or heavy blood in your stool or on the toilet paper
- ⚠Painful bowel movements that make it hard to go about your day
Common symptoms
- Fewer bowel movements than usual for you
- Hard, dry or lumpy stools
- Straining when you go to the toilet
- A feeling that you have not completely emptied your bowel
- Bloating or a swollen belly
- Cramps or discomfort in your tummy
Symptoms in children
- This article is about constipation in pregnancy, so it does not directly apply to children. Children with constipation need separate advice from a paediatrician or GP.
Symptoms in older adults
- This article is about constipation in pregnancy, so it does not directly apply to older adults. Older adults with constipation should talk to their doctor for age-appropriate guidance.
Causes
Main causes
- Progesterone – a pregnancy hormone that slows down the movement of food through the intestines
- The growing uterus pressing on the bowel
- Iron supplements, which can make stools hard
- Changes in diet or not drinking enough water
- Being less active than usual
Risk factors
- Having constipation before pregnancy
- Taking high-dose iron supplements
- Eating a low-fibre diet
- Not drinking enough fluids
- Lack of regular physical activity
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Severe abdominal pain that is constant or worsening
- Abdominal pain with fever, vomiting, or feeling faint
- Being unable to pass stool or gas at all
Book a routine appointment if:
- Constipation that lasts more than three weeks
- Constipation that does not improve with diet, fluids and exercise
- Bright red blood on the toilet paper or in the toilet bowl
Diagnosis
Your doctor or midwife will ask about your symptoms, how often you go to the toilet, what you eat and drink, and any medicines or supplements you take. They may also gently feel your belly to check for bloating or discomfort.
Tests that may be done
- No tests are usually needed for simple constipation in pregnancy.
- Your doctor may request a blood test if they suspect low iron, thyroid problems or other causes.
- In rare cases, an ultrasound or other imaging might be used to rule out more serious bowel problems.
What to expect at your appointment
The visit will be simple and supportive. Your doctor or midwife will likely talk with you about your daily habits and suggest safe ways to relieve constipation. They may also review any supplements you are taking.
Treatment
Treatment focuses on softening your stool and helping your bowel move more easily. Lifestyle changes – including drinking more water, eating more fibre, and staying active – often work well. If these are not enough, your maternity care team can recommend a laxative that is safe to use during pregnancy.
Self-care at home
- Drink plenty of water throughout the day, so your urine is light yellow.
- Eat high-fibre foods like oats, fruits, root vegetables, beans and wholemeal bread.
- Stay as active as you safely can – gentle walking, swimming or pregnancy yoga can help.
- Don't delay going to the toilet when you feel the urge.
- When sitting on the toilet, try raising your knees above your hips with a small footstool – this can make passing stool easier.
Medical treatments
If lifestyle changes are not enough, your doctor or midwife may suggest a laxative. Some laxatives are considered safer than others during pregnancy, so never take one without speaking to your maternity care team first. They will recommend a product and explain how long to use it. Laxatives are usually only used for a short time, and your dose should be checked regularly.
Living with this condition
Constipation during pregnancy usually improves with a consistent routine. Move a little every day, eat fibre-rich meals, and keep a water bottle nearby. If you take iron supplements, ask your doctor whether a different dose or type might sit more gently on your stomach.
Lifestyle tips
- Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and wholegrains daily.
- Drink enough water and other fluids across the day.
- Do gentle, pregnancy-safe exercises if you feel well.
- Avoid straining on the toilet – give yourself time and use a footstool if needed.
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet with plenty of fibre and fluids is the cornerstone of relief. Spread fibre through the day rather than eating a lot at once. If you take iron, ask your doctor about iron formulations that may be easier on the bowel. Gentle activities like walking and prenatal yoga can also encourage regular bowel movements.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Feeling constipated can make you uncomfortable, frustrated or anxious. This is completely understandable and nothing to be ashamed of. Pregnancy brings many digestive changes, and there are safe treatments available. Talking to your midwife or doctor can help you feel more in control.
Prevention
You cannot always prevent constipation in pregnancy because hormonal changes play a role. However, drinking enough water, eating fibre-rich foods, and staying gently active can reduce your chances and help keep symptoms mild.
Complications
If left untreated
- Haemorrhoids – swollen, painful veins around the back passage
- Anal fissures – tiny tears in the skin around the anus that can bleed or hurt
- Ongoing bloating and discomfort in your belly
- In rare cases, a faecal impaction – a hard mass of stool that is very hard to pass and may need medical help
Long-term outlook
The outlook is very good. Most people find that constipation in pregnancy improves with simple changes to diet, fluids and activity. Your midwife and doctor can guide you with safe options, and after pregnancy the problem usually becomes much easier or goes away completely.
Find support
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 31, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.