endometriosis pain CT scan preparation

Overview

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the womb grows outside the womb, causing pain, inflammation, and sometimes scarring. A CT scan (computed tomography scan) is a special X-ray that takes detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It can help doctors assess areas of endometriosis or related problems, especially when the diagnosis is not clear.

Yes, endometriosis is common. It is estimated to affect about 1 in 10 women and people assigned female at birth during their reproductive years.

Endometriosis usually affects people of reproductive age, but can start in teenagers and sometimes continues after menopause. It can also affect people who have not given birth.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Very painful period cramps that may not get better with usual pain relief
• Long-term pelvic pain, sometimes all through the month
• Pain during or after sex
• Painful bowel movements or urination, especially during your period
• Heavy or irregular periods
• Feeling tired, bloated, or sick around your period
• Difficulty getting pregnant (in some people)

Symptoms in children

• Teenagers can have endometriosis too. The symptoms are similar to adults, such as severe period pain, pelvic pain, and sometimes trouble at school because of painful periods.

Symptoms in older adults

• In older adults, endometriosis can still cause chronic pelvic pain, but period-related symptoms may be less obvious. Some people have pain after menopause, though this is less common.

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is not fully known.
• One common theory is that menstrual blood flows backwards into the pelvis, carrying endometrial cells that then grow outside the womb.
• Hormones, the immune system, and genetics may also play a role.
• Endometriosis is not an infection and is not contagious.

Risk factors

• Having a close relative (mother, sister) with endometriosis
• Starting your period at an early age (such as before age 11)
• Having short menstrual cycles (for example, shorter than 27 days)
• Heavy bleeding during periods
• Trouble with the immune system (though this is not yet fully proven)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden, severe pelvic pain or heavy bleeding, seek urgent medical help.
• If you have pain along with fever, vomiting, or feeling faint, call your local emergency number straight away.

Book a routine appointment if:

• See a doctor if you have long-term pelvic pain that affects your daily life, periods that are extremely painful, or pain during sex.
• Also see a doctor if you have been trying to get pregnant for a year or more without success.

Diagnosis

A doctor will first ask about your symptoms, medical history, and family history. They may do a pelvic exam. To look for endometriosis or other causes of your pain, they may order imaging tests such as an ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan. The only way to truly confirm endometriosis is with a laparoscopy, a small operation where a camera is inserted into the abdomen.

Tests that may be done

• Pelvic exam
• Ultrasound (often used first)
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
• CT scan (computed tomography scan)
• Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery and biopsy)

What to expect at your appointment

If your doctor recommends a CT scan, they will give you specific instructions. Usually, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for a few hours before the scan. You may also be asked to drink a contrast liquid, which helps organs show up more clearly. Before the scan, tell your healthcare team if you have any allergies, kidney problems, diabetes, or if you are or might be pregnant. During the scan, you lie still on a table that slides through a ring-shaped machine. The scan itself is painless and usually takes about 10 to 30 minutes.

Treatment

There is no cure for endometriosis, but treatment can help manage pain, slow the growth of tissue, and improve overall wellbeing. The right plan depends on your symptoms, age, and whether you want to conceive.

Self-care at home

• Use a warm heating pad or hot water bottle on your lower belly (wrapped in a towel to avoid burns)
• Take rest when the pain is bad, but try to stay gently active in between
• Light exercise like walking, stretching, or swimming
• Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, mindfulness, or meditation
• Talk to your pharmacist about over-the-counter pain relief – do not take more than the recommended amount

Medical treatments

Your doctor may suggest hormonal treatments, such as the combined pill or progestogen-based options, to help control the growth of the tissue and reduce pain. They may also discuss pain management strategies. Always discuss the benefits and risks with your qualified healthcare provider, and never start a new treatment without their advice. Over-the-counter or prescription painkillers may be suggested, but your doctor or pharmacist will guide you on the right type and dose for you.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery may be considered if pain is severe, if hormonal treatments do not help, or if you are trying to become pregnant. The most common surgery is laparoscopy, during which a surgeon can remove or destroy endometriosis tissue. In rare cases, removal of the womb (hysterectomy) may be discussed, but this is a big decision and is not right for everyone.

Living with this condition

Living with endometriosis can be challenging, but many people manage their symptoms with a combination of medical care, lifestyle habits, and support. Keep a pain diary to notice patterns and talk openly with your doctor about what helps.

Lifestyle tips

• Prioritise good sleep and rest when needed
• Manage stress with relaxation exercises or hobbies you enjoy
• Plan your activities around your cycle if your pain is predictable
• Stay connected with supportive friends, family, or online communities
• Seek help from a counsellor if pain is affecting your mood or relationships

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats may help reduce inflammation. Some people find that limiting processed foods and caffeine helps. Regular gentle exercise like walking, yoga, or swimming can improve energy and reduce pain. It is okay to adjust intensity on difficult days – be kind to yourself.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with chronic pain can be exhausting and can affect your mental health. You may feel frustrated, anxious, or low. It is very important to talk to a healthcare professional about how you feel. If you ever have thoughts of harming yourself, please reach out to a crisis support service or your local emergency number immediately.

Prevention

There is no proven way to prevent endometriosis. However, early recognition of symptoms and starting treatment can help manage pain and prevent some complications.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine to prevent endometriosis.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening test for endometriosis in the general population. If you have symptoms, see a doctor for an individual assessment.

Complications

If left untreated

• Chronic pelvic pain that can affect your work, sleep, and relationships
• Fertility problems, although many people with endometriosis still get pregnant with help
• Ovarian cysts (chocolate cysts) that can become painful or twist
• Adhesions (bands of scar tissue) that can cause organs to stick together
• Ongoing fatigue and reduced quality of life

Long-term outlook

The outlook for endometriosis is generally good when you have the right support. Although it is a long-term condition, many people are able to manage their pain, maintain relationships, and lead active lives. It is not a terminal condition, and treatments are improving. With a good healthcare team and a plan that fits you, there is every reason to be hopeful.

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