acne specialist tests overview

Overview

Acne is a common skin condition that causes pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and sometimes deeper lumps. An acne specialist (often a dermatologist) may use certain tests to find the cause of stubborn or severe acne, or to check for underlying health issues.

Yes, acne is very common. It affects about 9 out of 10 teenagers and can also affect adults in their 20s, 30s, and beyond.

Acne most often affects teenagers and young adults, but it can occur at any age. It can affect people of all skin types and backgrounds.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Whiteheads (small, white bumps)
• Blackheads (small, dark bumps)
• Pimples (red, tender bumps)
• Pustules (pimples with pus at the tip)
• Nodules (large, painful lumps under the skin)
• Cysts (deep, painful, pus-filled lumps)

Symptoms in children

• In younger children, acne may appear as small pimples on the face, especially the cheeks and forehead.
• If a child develops severe acne before puberty, a doctor may check for early signs of puberty or other hormonal issues.

Symptoms in older adults

• Acne in adults over 25 often appears on the lower face, jawline, and neck.
• It may be linked to hormonal changes or stress, and can be more stubborn to treat.

Causes

Main causes

• Excess oil production in the skin
• Clogged hair follicles by dead skin cells
• Bacteria (Cutibacterium acnes) that live on the skin
• Hormonal changes, such as those during puberty, menstrual cycles, or pregnancy

Risk factors

• Age (teenagers and young adults are at higher risk)
• Family history of acne
• Hormonal disorders (e.g., polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS)
• Certain medications (like corticosteroids or lithium)
• High stress levels
• Diet high in refined sugars or dairy products (may worsen acne in some people)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Acne that suddenly gets worse and becomes very painful, red, or swollen.
• Signs of infection (fever, skin that feels hot, or streaks of redness spreading from a pimple).

Book a routine appointment if:

• Acne that does not get better after several weeks of over-the-counter treatments.
• Acne that leaves dark spots or scars.
• Acne that causes emotional distress or affects your self-esteem.
• Adult-onset acne that is new and persistent.

Diagnosis

A dermatologist (skin specialist) usually diagnoses acne by looking at your skin. If your acne is severe, comes on suddenly, or does not respond to treatment, they may recommend some tests to look for underlying causes.

Tests that may be done

• Physical exam of the skin – the doctor will look at your face, chest, back, and shoulders to assess the type and severity of acne.
• Hormone blood tests – to check for conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or high levels of androgen hormones.
• Skin swab or culture – a small sample of pus is taken to see if a specific bacteria is causing the acne (this is rare and usually only if infection is suspected).
• Blood sugar test – to rule out insulin resistance or diabetes, which can sometimes worsen acne.
• Ultrasound of the ovaries (in women) – if hormonal acne is suspected, to check for cysts on the ovaries.

What to expect at your appointment

During your visit, the doctor will ask about your medical history, skin care routine, and any medications you take. They may also ask about your menstrual cycle (if applicable) and family history. Tests are usually simple and painless — a blood draw or a gentle swab. Results may take a few days to a week.

Treatment

Treatment for acne depends on its severity and the underlying cause. Many people start with over-the-counter products and simple lifestyle changes. If those do not help, a doctor can suggest stronger treatments, including prescription creams, oral medications, or procedures.

Self-care at home

• Wash your face twice a day with a gentle cleanser and warm water.
• Avoid scrubbing your skin or using harsh soaps.
• Do not pick, pop, or squeeze pimples — this can cause scars and make acne worse.
• Use oil-free, non-comedogenic (won’t clog pores) skin care and makeup products.
• Keep hair clean and away from your face.
• Change pillowcases and washcloths often.

Medical treatments

A specialist may recommend prescription creams or gels that help unclog pores, reduce bacteria, or lower inflammation. For more stubborn or severe acne, they might suggest oral medications that work on hormones or bacteria. In some cases, treatments like chemical peels, light therapy, or extraction of blackheads and whiteheads can be done in the doctor’s office.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a common treatment for acne itself. However, for deep scars left by severe acne, a specialist may offer procedures such as laser therapy, microdermabrasion, or minor skin surgery to improve the appearance. These are not urgent and can be discussed with your dermatologist.

Living with this condition

Living with acne can be frustrating, but there are many ways to manage it. Be patient with your treatment — it can take several weeks to see improvement. Stick to a gentle skin care routine and avoid products that irritate your skin.

Lifestyle tips

• Protect your skin from the sun — some acne treatments can make your skin more sensitive to sunlight.
• Manage stress through activities like exercise, meditation, or talking to a friend.
• Avoid touching your face throughout the day.
• Do not use oily hair products if your acne is on the forehead.

Diet and exercise

There is no specific diet that cures acne, but some people find that eating fewer sugary foods and dairy products helps. Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is good for overall health. Exercise can improve blood flow and reduce stress, which may help your skin.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Acne can affect your confidence and mood. It is normal to feel self-conscious or upset about your skin. If acne is causing you to feel anxious, depressed, or to avoid social situations, talk to your doctor. There are resources and support groups that can help.

Prevention

Acne cannot always be prevented, especially if it runs in your family or is linked to hormones. However, you can reduce breakouts by following a gentle skin care routine, avoiding known triggers, and not picking at your skin.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine for acne.

Screening programmes

There is no routine screening for acne. If you have risk factors like PCOS or a family history of severe acne, your doctor may check for signs during regular check-ups.

Complications

If left untreated

• Permanent scars or dark spots on the skin.
• Emotional distress, anxiety, or depression.
• In rare cases, severe acne (acne conglobata or acne fulminans) can cause deep, painful cysts and scarring, and may affect your overall health.

Long-term outlook

The outlook for acne is very good. Most people see improvement with proper treatment and self-care. Even severe acne can be managed effectively. Scars can often be improved with treatments available from a specialist. With time and the right help, your skin can heal and your confidence can return.

Find support

External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.