allergy specialist tests overview

Overview

Allergy specialist tests are medical procedures used to find out what substances (allergens) cause your allergic reactions. These tests help you and your doctor understand your triggers so you can avoid them and manage your symptoms better.

Yes, allergies are very common. Many people have allergies to things like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or certain foods. Allergy testing is a standard way to identify the exact cause.

Allergies can affect anyone, but they often start in childhood. However, adults can develop new allergies later in life. People with a family history of allergies, asthma, or eczema are more likely to have allergies.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Sneezing or a runny nose
• Itchy, watery eyes
• Skin rashes like hives or eczema
• Wheezing or difficulty breathing

Symptoms in children

• Frequent cold-like symptoms that last longer than usual
• Dark circles under the eyes (allergic shiners)
• Eczema or irritated skin
• Trouble sleeping due to nasal congestion

Symptoms in older adults

• New or worsening asthma symptoms
• Persistent sinus infections
• Itchy eyes and nose that are not due to a cold
• Skin irritation from contact with allergens

Causes

Main causes

• Allergies happen when your immune system mistakes a harmless substance (allergen) as a threat and overreacts.
• Common allergens include pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds; dust mites; pet dander; insect stings; certain foods; and mold.

Risk factors

• Family history of allergies, asthma, or eczema
• Having asthma or other allergic conditions
• Being a child (allergies often develop in early life)
• Exposure to certain environmental triggers like pollution or tobacco smoke

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) – call your local emergency number immediately.
• If you have serious trouble breathing after eating or being stung

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have mild to moderate allergy symptoms that interfere with your daily life or sleep
• If over-the-counter medicines are not helping
• If you suspect a food or insect allergy
• If you want to confirm triggers to avoid them

Diagnosis

An allergy specialist will take your medical history and talk about your symptoms. They will then suggest one or more tests to find out what you are allergic to.

Tests that may be done

• Skin prick test: A small drop of allergen extract is placed on your skin, and the skin is lightly pricked. If you are allergic, a small raised bump (wheal) will appear within 15–20 minutes.
• Intradermal test: A small amount of allergen is injected into the skin, used mainly for insect venom or medicine allergies.
• Blood test (specific IgE test): A sample of blood is tested for antibody levels against specific allergens.
• Patch test: Patches with allergens are placed on your skin for 48 hours to detect delayed allergic reactions, such as contact dermatitis.

What to expect at your appointment

Skin tests are done in a doctor's office and are usually quick and not very painful. You might feel a mild sting. You can normally go home right after. Results from skin tests are ready in about 20 minutes. Blood tests take a few days. Your doctor will explain what the results mean and help you plan how to avoid triggers and manage symptoms.

Treatment

Treatment for allergies focuses on avoiding triggers and controlling symptoms. Your test results help guide your personal treatment plan.

Self-care at home

• Avoid known allergens as much as possible (e.g., use dust mite covers, keep windows closed during pollen season)
• Use over-the-counter antihistamines or nasal sprays for mild symptoms (ask your pharmacist)
• Keep a diary of symptoms and possible triggers

Medical treatments

Your doctor may prescribe stronger antihistamines, nasal corticosteroid sprays, or eye drops. For severe allergies, allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots or tablets) can help your body become less sensitive over time. This is a long-term treatment that can reduce symptoms significantly.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is generally not used to treat allergies directly. If allergies lead to conditions like chronic sinusitis or nasal polyps that do not respond to medicine, an ear, nose, and throat specialist might consider surgery. However, this is rare.

Living with this condition

Living with allergies means being aware of your triggers and planning ahead. Most people can manage their allergies well and lead a normal, active life.

Lifestyle tips

• Use air purifiers and keep your home clean and dust-free
• Wash bedding in hot water weekly to kill dust mites
• Avoid outdoor activities when pollen counts are high
• If you have food allergies, always read ingredient labels and inform restaurant staff

Diet and exercise

A healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables can support your immune system. If you have food allergies, you will need to avoid those foods. Exercise is safe for most people with allergies, but if you have exercise-induced asthma, talk to your doctor about how to manage it. Avoid exercising outdoors when pollen counts are high.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with allergies can sometimes feel frustrating or stressful, especially if symptoms are bothersome or if you have to avoid certain foods or environments. It is normal to feel anxious, but with good management, most people adapt. If you feel overwhelmed, talk to your doctor or a mental health professional.

Prevention

It is not possible to prevent allergies from developing entirely, but you may be able to reduce the severity of symptoms by avoiding known triggers. For children, early exposure to certain foods (under medical guidance) may help prevent food allergies, but always ask a doctor.

Vaccines

There is no vaccine to prevent allergies. However, allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots) works like a vaccine to reduce sensitivity over time. This is a treatment for existing allergies, not a prevention.

Screening programmes

Routine allergy testing is not recommended for everyone. Screening is typically done only if you have symptoms that suggest an allergy, and your doctor thinks testing will help.

Complications

If left untreated

• Chronic sinus infections
• Asthma attacks that can be severe
• Eczema that does not get better
• Anaphylaxis – a life-threatening allergic reaction

Long-term outlook

With proper diagnosis and management, most people with allergies can control their symptoms and live well. Treatments are effective, and many people find that their allergies improve over time. If you have severe allergies, having an action plan and an emergency kit can keep you safe.

Find support

International organisations

• World Allergy Organization ↗
• Allergy & Asthma Network ↗

Local organisations

• Allergy UK ↗ · United Kingdom
• Anaphylaxis Campaign ↗ · United Kingdom

Helplines

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