colic result meanings for patients

Overview

Colic is a term for severe, cramping pain caused by a blockage in a hollow organ, such as the ureter (from a kidney stone) or the bile duct (from a gallstone). Test results help doctors find the cause of the pain and decide on the best treatment.

Yes, colic is quite common. Kidney stones affect about 1 in 10 people at some point, and gallstones are also very common, especially in certain populations.

Colic can affect anyone, but it is more common in adults aged 30–60. Men are slightly more likely to have kidney stones, while women are more likely to have gallstones. Infants can also experience colic, but that is a different condition with different causes.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Sudden, severe pain in the back, side, lower abdomen, or groin
• Pain that comes and goes in waves
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pain with urination (if kidney stone)

Symptoms in children

• In infants, colic means prolonged crying, fussiness, and apparent stomach pain with no other symptoms.

Symptoms in older adults

• Older adults may have less severe pain or atypical symptoms like confusion, fever, or general discomfort.

Causes

Main causes

• Kidney stones blocking the ureter
• Gallstones blocking the bile duct
• In rare cases, a clot or tumor causing a blockage

Risk factors

• Not drinking enough water
• Diet high in salt, sugar, or certain proteins
• Family history of stones
• Obesity
• Certain medical conditions like gout or inflammatory bowel disease

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have colic pain with fever or vomiting that prevents you from keeping fluids down

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have had colic before and are having a mild recurrence
• If you notice changes in your urine (color, frequency, pain)

Diagnosis

Your doctor will start by asking about your symptoms and medical history. They may press on your belly to check for tenderness. Then they will likely order imaging tests to see the stones or blockage.

Tests that may be done

• Urine test: checks for blood, infection, or crystals that form stones
• Blood test: looks for signs of infection or how well your kidneys are working
• Ultrasound: uses sound waves to see stones or blockages, no radiation
• CT scan: provides detailed images and can find very small stones

What to expect at your appointment

Most tests are quick and painless. You may be asked to drink extra water or have a full bladder for ultrasound. CT scans require you to lie still for a few minutes. Results are usually available within a day or two.

Treatment

Treatment for colic depends on the cause and severity. Many small stones pass on their own with pain relief and drinking fluids. Larger stones or blocked ducts may need medical procedures.

Self-care at home

• Drink plenty of water to help flush out small kidney stones
• Apply a heating pad or warm compress to the painful area
• Take over-the-counter pain relievers as directed (check with your doctor first)
• Avoid foods that can worsen gallstones, like fatty meals

Medical treatments

Doctors may prescribe stronger pain relievers or medicines to help relax the ureter so a stone can pass. For gallstones or kidney stones that do not pass, treatments like shock wave therapy (lithotripsy) or endoscopic procedures can break up or remove stones. These are done in a hospital or clinic and do not require large incisions.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is sometimes needed if stones are very large, cause infection, or block the kidney or bile duct completely. In gallbladder disease, removing the gallbladder is a common and safe procedure.

Living with this condition

If you have had colic, you may be at risk for future episodes. You can help prevent them by staying hydrated and following a balanced diet. Keep a water bottle with you to remind yourself to drink.

Lifestyle tips

• Drink at least 6–8 glasses of water a day to prevent kidney stones
• Limit foods high in oxalates (like spinach, nuts, chocolate) if you get kidney stones
• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce your risk of gallstones

Diet and exercise

A diet low in salt and animal protein can help prevent kidney stones. For gallstones, a low-fat diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is recommended. Regular exercise supports a healthy weight and good digestion.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Living with recurrent colic can be stressful and frustrating. The pain can affect your mood, sleep, and daily activities. Talk to your doctor if you feel anxious about future episodes.

Prevention

You can reduce your risk of colic by staying well-hydrated, eating a balanced diet, and avoiding foods that trigger your condition. For kidney stones, limiting salt and oxalate-rich foods helps. For gallstones, maintaining a healthy weight and not skipping meals is important.

Screening programmes

If you have a family history of stones, your doctor may recommend periodic urine tests or imaging to catch stones early. There is no routine screening for colic in the general public.

Complications

If left untreated

• Infection in the kidney or gallbladder
• Permanent kidney damage from prolonged blockage
• Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) from gallstones

Long-term outlook

The outlook for colic is very good with proper care. Most stones pass or are removed successfully, and complications are rare when treated promptly. Many people make lifestyle changes and have no further problems. Your healthcare team will work with you to manage your health.

Find support

International organisations

• National Kidney Foundation
• World Gastroenterology Organisation

Local organisations

• Contact your local NHS trust or health authority · UK

Helplines

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