constipation screening test preparation

Overview

Constipation is when you have trouble passing stool (poo) or go less often than usual. It often means straining, hard dry stools, or feeling like you haven't completely emptied your bowels.

Yes, constipation is very common. Most people experience it at some time, especially during travel, illness, or after a change in diet.

Constipation can affect anyone, but it is more common in older adults, pregnant women, and people who take certain medications.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Fewer than three bowel movements per week
• Hard, dry, or lumpy stools
• Straining when you go to the toilet
• Feeling like you haven't fully emptied your bowels
• Bloating or stomach discomfort

Symptoms in children

• Passing hard or painful stools
• Avoiding the toilet or hiding
• Stomach pain or cramps
• Soiling between bowel movements (encopresis)

Symptoms in older adults

• Infrequent bowel movements
• Hard stools that are difficult to pass
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• More likely to be caused by other health conditions or medications

Causes

Main causes

• A diet low in fiber (such as too little fruits, vegetables, whole grains)
• Not drinking enough water or other fluids
• Lack of regular physical activity
• Ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement
• Changes in routine, such as travel or stress
• Certain medications (e.g., some painkillers, antidepressants, antacids)
• Medical conditions like diabetes, thyroid problems, or irritable bowel syndrome

Risk factors

• Older age
• Being female (pregnancy and hormonal changes)
• Eating a low-fiber diet
• Not having enough fluids
• Being inactive
• Using certain medicines regularly
• Having a family history of constipation or bowel problems

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden severe belly pain or can't pass gas or stool
• If you see blood in your stool
• If you vomit along with constipation

Book a routine appointment if:

• If constipation lasts more than three weeks
• If it affects your daily life or causes pain
• If you have a family history of colon cancer or other bowel conditions
• If you need a screening test (like a colonoscopy) and need preparation advice

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your bowel habits, diet, and medical history. They may also do a physical exam, including checking your abdomen and a rectal exam. If needed, they may recommend tests to look for causes or screen for other conditions.

Tests that may be done

• Physical exam and medical history
• Blood tests to check for thyroid or other problems
• Abdominal X-ray to see if stool is backed up
• Colonoscopy (a camera test to look inside your bowel) – this requires special preparation to clean your bowel
• Stool tests (to check for blood or infection)

What to expect at your appointment

For most tests, you will receive clear instructions. For a colonoscopy or similar screening test, you will need to follow a special diet and take a laxative preparation to empty your bowel. Your doctor or nurse will explain exactly what to do. This preparation is important to get clear results.

Treatment

Treatment for constipation focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing them from coming back. Most cases can be managed with lifestyle changes. If those are not enough, your doctor may suggest other treatments.

Self-care at home

• Increase fiber in your diet – eat more fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole grains
• Drink 6-8 glasses of water a day unless your doctor tells you otherwise
• Get regular exercise, like a 20-minute walk each day
• Try to go to the toilet at the same time each day, especially after meals
• Don't ignore the urge to have a bowel movement
• Use a footstool to raise your knees above your hips when sitting on the toilet

Medical treatments

If lifestyle changes are not enough, your doctor may suggest over-the-counter stool softeners or laxatives. Use these only as directed and for a short time. For chronic constipation, prescription medicines are available that help draw water into the bowel or stimulate bowel movements. Always talk to your doctor before using any laxative regularly.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for constipation. It may be considered only if there is a blockage, a severe problem like a prolapse, or if tests show a structural issue that doesn't improve with other treatments.

Living with this condition

Living with constipation can be uncomfortable, but small daily habits can make a big difference. Stick to a regular bathroom routine, stay active, and eat a balanced diet. Keep a diary of your bowel habits to share with your doctor.

Lifestyle tips

• Eat a fiber-rich diet (aim for 25-30 grams of fiber per day)
• Drink plenty of water throughout the day
• Exercise for at least 30 minutes on most days
• Set a regular time for bowel movements, especially after breakfast
• Manage stress with relaxation techniques or hobbies

Diet and exercise

A diet with plenty of fiber from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes helps keep stools soft. Prunes, pears, and oats are especially helpful. Regular physical activity, like walking or swimming, helps stimulate bowel function.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Chronic constipation can cause frustration, anxiety, or embarrassment. It can affect your quality of life. It's important to talk to your doctor about how it makes you feel. Support from family, friends, or a counselor can help.

Prevention

In many cases, yes. Eating a high-fiber diet, drinking enough fluids, exercising regularly, and not ignoring the urge to go can help prevent constipation.

Screening programmes

Screening tests like colonoscopy are not for constipation itself, but may be recommended to check for other conditions like colon cancer. If you are scheduled for such a test, follow the preparation instructions carefully to clean your bowel.

Complications

If left untreated

• Hemorrhoids (swollen veins in the rectum) from straining
• Anal fissures (small tears in the skin around the anus)
• Fecal impaction (hard stool stuck in the bowel)
• Rectal prolapse (part of the bowel comes out of the anus)
• Increased risk of diverticulitis (pockets in the bowel wall that become inflamed)

Long-term outlook

For most people, constipation can be managed well with simple lifestyle changes. Even chronic cases often improve with treatment. It is important to address symptoms early to avoid complications. With your doctor's guidance, you can find a plan that works for you.

Find support

International organisations

• International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD) ↗

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