fertility screening test preparation

Overview

Fertility screening tests are a set of simple checks to help find out why you and your partner may be having trouble getting pregnant. These tests look at your overall health, hormones, and reproductive organs to see if there are any issues that could affect fertility.

Yes, fertility screening is very common. Many couples who have trouble trying to conceive after a year (or six months if the woman is over 35) will be offered these tests.

Fertility screening affects people of all genders who are trying to have a baby. It is often recommended for both partners if they haven’t been able to get pregnant after a certain time.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Irregular or missed menstrual periods
• Painful periods or pain during sex
• Inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse (or 6 months if the woman is over 35)
• Recurrent miscarriages
• Low sperm count or other sperm issues (noticed by a partner or doctor)

Symptoms in older adults

• Age-related decline in fertility (in both men and women)
• Menstrual cycles becoming shorter or less regular (in women over 40)

Causes

Main causes

• Hormonal imbalances (like problems with ovulation)
• Blocked fallopian tubes (for women)
• Low sperm count or poor sperm movement (for men)
• Uterine conditions such as fibroids or polyps
• Age (fertility naturally declines as people get older)

Risk factors

• Being overweight or underweight
• Smoking or drinking too much alcohol
• Stress
• Certain medical conditions like diabetes or thyroid problems
• Exposure to chemicals or radiation

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden, severe pelvic or testicular pain
• If you experience heavy bleeding that is not your normal period

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you are under 35 and have been trying to get pregnant for 12 months without success
• If you are over 35 and have been trying for 6 months
• If you have irregular periods or known medical issues that affect fertility

Diagnosis

Fertility screening begins with a conversation with your doctor about your health history and any symptoms. Then, based on your situation, the doctor will recommend specific tests for you and your partner.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check hormone levels (like FSH, LH, thyroid, prolactin)
• Semen analysis to check sperm count, shape, and movement
• Ultrasound scans to look at the ovaries, womb, and fallopian tubes
• Ovulation tracking tests (like urine or blood tests, or at-home ovulation kits)

What to expect at your appointment

Tests are usually done over several weeks to match your menstrual cycle. Semen analysis is simple and done at a lab. Blood tests are quick. Scans are painless, though you may need to have a full bladder. Your doctor will explain everything before and after each test.

Treatment

Treatment depends on what the tests find. Often, simple lifestyle changes or medication can improve fertility. If needed, there are more advanced treatments like intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Your doctor will discuss the best options for you.

Self-care at home

• Maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol
• Reduce stress with relaxation techniques or counselling
• Take a daily folic acid supplement (if you are a woman trying to conceive)

Medical treatments

Your doctor may recommend medications to help with ovulation (for women) or to improve sperm quality (for men). Other treatments include surgery to unblock fallopian tubes or remove fibroids, or assisted reproductive technologies like IUI or IVF. Always take medications exactly as prescribed by your doctor.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery might be needed for conditions like blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, varicoceles (swollen veins in the scrotum), or large fibroids. Your doctor will explain the risks and benefits.

Living with this condition

Living with fertility challenges can be stressful, but many people manage it by staying informed and communicating openly with their partner. Focus on small, healthy habits each day.

Lifestyle tips

• Keep a regular sleep schedule
• Exercise moderately (like walking or swimming) most days
• Avoid extreme diets that may affect hormones
• Limit caffeine to one or two cups a day

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats supports fertility. Gentle exercise like yoga or brisk walking can help reduce stress and maintain a healthy weight.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Infertility can cause feelings of sadness, anxiety, or frustration. It is normal to feel this way. Talk to your partner or a counsellor. Many people find help through support groups or talking with a mental health professional.

Prevention

Not all causes of infertility can be prevented, but healthy habits can lower your risk. Avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing stress may help protect your fertility.

Vaccines

Certain vaccines (like HPV and rubella) can prevent infections that might later cause fertility problems. Ask your doctor if you are up to date.

Screening programmes

Routine fertility screening is not needed for everyone. But if you have risk factors or symptoms, talking to your doctor early can help you plan.

Complications

If left untreated

• Continued difficulty getting pregnant (infertility)
• Emotional distress and strain on relationships
• Delayed diagnosis of underlying health problems (like hormonal disorders)

Long-term outlook

The outlook for people with fertility problems is often very good. Many treatments are available and most couples are able to have a child with the right help. Even if one approach doesn't work, there are often other options to explore.

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