IBS result meanings for patients

Overview

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the digestive system. It causes tummy pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits like diarrhoea or constipation.

Yes, IBS is very common. It affects around 1 in 5 people at some point in their lives.

It can affect anyone, but it is more common in younger people and women. It often starts in the teenage years or early adulthood.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Abdominal pain or cramping, often relieved by passing stool
• Bloating and gas
• Diarrhoea, constipation, or both that come and go
• Mucus in the stool
• Feeling that you haven't fully emptied your bowels

Symptoms in children

• Upset stomach or tummy aches
• Changes in toilet habits, like needing to go more often or less often
• Bloating and farting more than usual

Symptoms in older adults

• Tummy pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits are similar, but other conditions like diverticulitis are more common
• Unexplained weight loss or bleeding should be checked promptly

Causes

Main causes

• Abnormal contractions in the gut muscles
• Increased sensitivity to gas or stretching in the bowel
• Stress, anxiety, or emotional distress
• Certain foods or drinks that trigger symptoms, like fatty foods or caffeine

Risk factors

• Family history of IBS
• Anxiety or depression
• Stressful life events, like a loss or major change
• Gastroenteritis (a gut infection) that did not fully clear up

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Rectal bleeding or blood in vomit
• Unexplained weight loss
• Severe pain that does not go away
• Fever with tummy pain

Book a routine appointment if:

• You have persistent symptoms like diarrhoea, constipation, or tummy pain
• You notice a change in your bowel habits that lasts more than a few weeks
• Your symptoms are affecting your daily life

Diagnosis

Doctors diagnose IBS based on your symptoms and by ruling out other conditions. There is no single test for IBS.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check for anaemia or signs of inflammation
• Stool tests to look for infection or blood
• A colonoscopy (a camera test of the bowel) if you are over 45 or have concerning symptoms

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, diet, stress, and family history. They may ask you to keep a diary of what you eat and your bowel movements.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms. It often involves changes to diet, stress management, and sometimes medication.

Self-care at home

• Eat smaller meals more often
• Avoid foods that trigger symptoms, like fatty or spicy foods
• Stay active and find ways to relax
• Drink plenty of water but limit caffeine and alcohol

Medical treatments

Your doctor may recommend medicines to control diarrhoea or constipation or to relieve pain. These are used only when needed and at the lowest effective dose. You might also be offered treatments to relax the bowel or reduce nerve sensitivity.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not used to treat IBS.

Living with this condition

Living with IBS can be manageable. Many people find that identifying triggers helps. It can be helpful to keep a diary of your diet and symptoms.

Lifestyle tips

• Plan your meals and eat at regular times
• Get enough sleep and exercise regularly
• Practice stress management, like deep breathing or gentle exercise

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet and regular exercise can help control symptoms. Some people benefit from eating more fibre or avoiding certain foods. A dietitian can give personalised advice.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

IBS can be frustrating and affect your mood. It's normal to feel anxious or worried. Talk to your doctor if you need support, as treatments like talking therapy can help.

Prevention

IBS cannot always be prevented, but you may be able to reduce flare-ups by avoiding known triggers, managing stress, and keeping a healthy lifestyle.

Complications

If left untreated

• IBS does not cause serious damage to the bowel or increase cancer risk, but untreated symptoms can affect quality of life

Long-term outlook

Most people with IBS can manage their symptoms with lifestyle changes and treatment. It is a long-term condition, but it does not lead to more serious disease. Many people find ways to live well with it.

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