infection specialist tests overview

Overview

Infection specialist tests are medical tests that help doctors find out if you have an infection and what kind of germ (such as a bacteria, virus, or fungus) is causing it. These tests guide the right treatment.

Yes, infections are very common, and many people will need at least one infection test in their lifetime.

Anyone can get an infection, but people with weakened immune systems, young children, older adults, and those in hospitals are more likely to need these specialist tests.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Fever or chills
• Feeling very tired or weak
• Pain, redness, or swelling in one part of the body (like a wound or joint)
• Cough, sore throat, or stuffy nose
• Diarrhea or vomiting
• Pain when urinating

Symptoms in children

• Irritability or unusual fussiness
• Poor feeding or not drinking enough
• Rash that doesn’t fade when pressed
• Unusual sleepiness or difficulty waking

Symptoms in older adults

• Confusion or sudden change in mental state
• Falling or loss of balance
• Loss of appetite
• Low body temperature instead of fever

Causes

Main causes

• Bacteria (like strep throat or urinary tract infections)
• Viruses (like flu or COVID-19)
• Fungi (like yeast infections or ringworm)
• Parasites (like malaria or giardia)

Risk factors

• Having a weakened immune system (due to illness or medication)
• Recent surgery or hospital stay
• Travel to areas with certain infections
• Close contact with someone who is sick
• Not being up to date with recommended vaccines

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have any emergency symptoms listed above
• If you have a fever and are very confused or can’t wake up
• If you have a severe headache with stiff neck and fever

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have a fever that lasts more than a few days
• If you have symptoms that are not getting better or are getting worse
• If you have a wound that looks infected (red, swollen, warm, painful)

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, and any recent travel or exposures. They will examine you and then order one or more tests to find the cause of the infection.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests (check for signs of infection like white blood cell count and inflammatory markers)
• Urine tests (to check for urinary tract infections)
• Swabs (from your throat, nose, wound, or other areas to look for germs)
• Stool tests (for digestive infections)
• Imaging tests like X-rays or CT scans (to see inside the body)
• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) if a brain or spinal infection is suspected

What to expect at your appointment

The healthcare provider will collect a sample (blood, urine, or swab) and send it to a lab. You may feel a brief pinch from a needle or mild discomfort from a swab. Results can take from a few minutes to several days, depending on the test. Your doctor will explain what the results mean and discuss next steps.

Treatment

Treatment for an infection depends on the type of germ causing it. Some infections get better on their own, while others need medicine. Your doctor will choose the best treatment based on test results.

Self-care at home

• Get plenty of rest to help your body fight the infection
• Drink enough fluids (water, broth) to stay hydrated
• Use a cool cloth or sponge if you have a fever and feel uncomfortable
• Ask your pharmacist about over-the-counter remedies for symptoms like pain or fever (always follow the label)

Medical treatments

If the infection is caused by bacteria, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic. For viral infections, antiviral medicines can help in some cases. Fungal infections are treated with antifungal medicines. It is important to take the full course as prescribed, even if you start to feel better. Never share medicines or take someone else’s prescription.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed, but sometimes an abscess (a pocket of pus) must be drained to help the infection heal. Your doctor will explain if this is necessary.

Living with this condition

While you recover from an infection, follow your treatment plan, get rest, and keep track of your symptoms. Let your doctor know if you feel worse or if new symptoms appear.

Lifestyle tips

• Wash your hands often with soap and water
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
• Avoid close contact with others while you are contagious (ask your doctor how long that might be)
• Clean and cover any cuts or scrapes to prevent infection

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, and protein to support your immune system. Unless your doctor advises otherwise, you can do gentle activities like walking as you feel able. Do not push yourself if you are very tired.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Having an infection can be stressful and worrying. You may feel anxious about your health or frustrated with a long recovery. These feelings are normal. Talk to your doctor or a trusted person about how you are feeling.

Prevention

Many infections can be prevented with good hygiene, safe food preparation, and avoiding close contact with sick people. Keeping up to date with recommended vaccines is also important.

Vaccines

Vaccines are available for many infections, such as flu, COVID-19, pneumonia, and meningitis. Talk to your doctor or local health service about which vaccines are recommended for you.

Screening programmes

Some infections are screened for in high-risk groups, such as tuberculosis (TB) or hepatitis. Your doctor may recommend screening based on your health, travel, or exposure history.

Complications

If left untreated

• The infection can spread to other parts of the body, such as the blood (sepsis) or organs like the lungs or brain
• Long-term damage to tissues or organs may occur
• In very serious cases, untreated infections can be life-threatening

Long-term outlook

The outlook for most infections is very good, especially when they are diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Even serious infections can often be cured with the right care. Prompt medical attention gives the best chance of a full recovery.

Find support

International organisations

• World Health Organization (WHO) ↗

Local organisations

• NHS (UK National Health Service) ↗ · United Kingdom

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