kidney result meanings for patients
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Kidney test results show how well your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood. Two main tests are used: a blood test for creatinine and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which tells you your kidney function as a percentage.
Key facts
- Your kidneys filter about 200 litres of blood each day.
- eGFR is a number based on your creatinine level, age, and gender – a normal eGFR is 90 or above.
- Small changes in kidney function often cause no symptoms, so testing is important if you have risk factors.
Yes, kidney problems are common, especially as people get older. About 1 in 10 adults have some degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
It can affect anyone, but it is more common in older adults, people with diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney disease.
Symptoms
- Suddenly passing very little or no urine
- Severe shortness of breath or chest pain
- Seizures or fainting
- ⚠Very high blood pressure (over 180/120) that does not come down
- ⚠Vomiting that prevents you from taking medicines or fluids
- ⚠Severe swelling that makes it hard to walk
Common symptoms
- No symptoms in early stages
- Swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet (oedema)
- Feeling tired or weak
- Changes in how much you urinate or urine that looks foamy or dark
Symptoms in children
- Poor growth or lack of energy
- Swelling around the eyes or legs
- Foamy urine
- High blood pressure
Symptoms in older adults
- Confusion or trouble concentrating
- Swelling in the hands and feet
- Passing less urine than usual
- Loss of appetite
Causes
Main causes
- Diabetes (high blood sugar damages kidney filters)
- High blood pressure (damages blood vessels in the kidneys)
- Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney's filtering units)
- Kidney infections that keep coming back
Risk factors
- Family history of kidney disease
- Age over 60
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Long-term use of certain painkillers (like ibuprofen or naproxen)
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have any of the emergency symptoms above
- If you notice a sudden drop in urine output
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney disease, get tested once a year
- If your test results are slightly abnormal, your doctor will suggest regular follow-up
Diagnosis
Kidney function is checked with a blood test (creatinine and eGFR) and a urine test (to look for protein or blood).
Tests that may be done
- Blood creatinine and eGFR
- Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR)
- Ultrasound scan of the kidneys
- Kidney biopsy (if needed)
What to expect at your appointment
You will have a blood sample taken from your arm and you will be asked to provide a urine sample. The results are usually ready within a few days. Your doctor will explain what the numbers mean and what follow-up you might need.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the stage and cause of your kidney problem. The main goal is to slow down further damage and manage symptoms.
Self-care at home
- Follow a balanced diet low in salt and moderate in protein
- Stay active and maintain a healthy weight
- Limit alcohol
- Avoid smoking
- Stay well hydrated, unless your doctor advises fluid restriction
Medical treatments
Your doctor may prescribe medicines to control blood pressure, lower blood sugar (if you have diabetes), or reduce protein in your urine. If kidney function gets very low, you may need dialysis (a machine that filters your blood) or a kidney transplant.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery may be needed to place a dialysis catheter or to perform a kidney transplant.
Living with this condition
Check your blood pressure regularly at home, take your medicines as prescribed, and keep all appointments with your kidney specialist.
Lifestyle tips
- Eat a kidney-friendly diet (low in salt, phosphorus, and potassium if advised)
- Do moderate exercise like walking or swimming most days
- Avoid herbal supplements and over-the-counter painkillers unless your doctor says they are safe
Diet and exercise
A dietitian can help you plan meals that are good for your kidneys. Exercise helps control blood pressure and weight. Gentle activities like walking or yoga are often recommended.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Living with kidney disease can be stressful and may cause anxiety or sadness. It's normal to feel worried. Talk to your doctor about how you are feeling – they can point you to counselling or support groups.
Prevention
You cannot always prevent kidney disease, but you can lower your risk by managing diabetes and high blood pressure, eating healthy, staying active, and avoiding smoking.
Vaccines
People with kidney disease should get the flu vaccine and the pneumonia vaccine as recommended by their doctor.
Screening programmes
If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of kidney failure, ask your doctor about having a kidney check-up every year.
Complications
If left untreated
- Kidney failure (needing dialysis or transplant)
- Heart disease
- Anaemia (low red blood cells causing tiredness)
- Bone disease
- High levels of potassium (can affect heart rhythm)
Long-term outlook
Many people with chronic kidney disease live full, active lives by working closely with their healthcare team and making healthy lifestyle changes. Early detection and treatment can slow the progression and help you feel your best.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
Related conditions
Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 18, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.