lung specialist tests overview

Overview

Lung specialist tests are a group of exams and procedures used by a doctor who specializes in lung health (a pulmonologist) to check how well your lungs are working and to find the cause of breathing problems.

Lung problems are very common, and millions of people have these tests each year. They are a routine part of checking lung health.

Anyone with breathing symptoms, such as cough, wheeze, or shortness of breath, may need lung specialist tests. They are used for people of all ages, from children to older adults.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Cough that does not go away
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe)
• Chest tightness
• Coughing up mucus or blood

Symptoms in children

• Fast or noisy breathing
• Frequent respiratory infections
• Poor feeding or tiring easily while eating

Symptoms in older adults

• New or worsening shortness of breath with activity
• Persistent cough
• Unexplained weight loss or fatigue

Causes

Main causes

• Lung infections (such as pneumonia or bronchitis)
• Chronic conditions (like asthma or COPD)
• Lung scarring (pulmonary fibrosis)
• Blockages in the airways (e.g., from a tumor or foreign object)
• Heart conditions that affect the lungs

Risk factors

• Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
• Exposure to pollution or chemicals at work
• Family history of lung disease
• Frequent lung infections as a child
• Weakened immune system

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden shortness of breath
• If you cough up blood
• If you have chest pain when breathing

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have a cough that lasts more than 3 weeks
• If you wheeze frequently
• If you get tired easily when doing daily tasks

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and listen to your lungs. They may order lung specialist tests to get more information.

Tests that may be done

• Spirometry – you blow hard into a tube to measure how much air you can breathe out and how fast.
• Chest X-ray – a picture of your lungs to look for infections, fluid, or growths.
• CT scan – a detailed 3D image of your lungs.
• Pulse oximetry – a small clip on your finger measures oxygen in your blood.
• Blood tests – to check for infections or other causes.
• Bronchoscopy – a thin tube with a camera is passed down your windpipe to look inside your airways (you are given medicine to help you relax).

What to expect at your appointment

Most tests are done in a hospital or clinic and you can go home the same day. You may be asked to stop some medicines or avoid eating before certain tests. The doctor or nurse will explain everything clearly.

Treatment

Treatment depends on what the lung tests show. It may include medicines to open your airways, treat infections, or reduce inflammation. Your doctor will create a plan tailored to you.

Self-care at home

• Stop smoking if you smoke – this is the most important step.
• Take all medicines exactly as prescribed.
• Use a peak flow meter at home to track your breathing (if advised).
• Get regular exercise as your doctor recommends.

Medical treatments

Treatments may include inhaled medications to help you breathe more easily, antibiotics for bacterial infections, or oxygen therapy if your levels are low. For chronic conditions, long-term management plans are used. Always follow your healthcare provider’s advice.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is rarely needed for most lung conditions. It may be considered for removing a tumor or repairing a collapsed lung. Your specialist will discuss this if it is an option.

Living with this condition

Living with a lung condition may mean you need to pace your activities and avoid triggers like smoke or pollution. Many people manage well with the right treatment and support.

Lifestyle tips

• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke.
• Protect yourself from colds and flu with good hygiene.
• Use air filters or wear a mask in dusty environments.
• Stay as active as you comfortably can.

Diet and exercise

A balanced diet helps keep your immune system strong. Gentle exercise like walking or stretching can improve your breathing and energy. Your doctor or physiotherapist can give you a plan.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Lung problems can cause anxiety or feeling low, especially if you are short of breath. It is normal to feel this way, and talking to a counsellor or joining a support group can help.

Prevention

You can lower your risk of many lung problems by not smoking, avoiding pollution, and staying up to date with vaccines.

Vaccines

Vaccines can prevent some lung infections. Talk to your doctor about the flu vaccine, pneumonia vaccine, and COVID-19 vaccine.

Screening programmes

Screening (checking for disease before symptoms) is not routine for most people. Your doctor may recommend a low-dose CT scan if you have a high risk of lung cancer, for example due to heavy smoking.

Complications

If left untreated

• Lung damage that gets worse over time
• More frequent infections
• Lower oxygen levels affecting the heart and other organs
• Increased risk of lung cancer (in some conditions)

Long-term outlook

Most lung conditions can be managed well with early diagnosis and proper care. Even serious problems can be treated to improve quality of life. Your doctor will work with you to find the best approach.

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