menopause specialist tests overview

Overview

Menopause is the natural stage in a woman's life when her menstrual periods stop permanently. It marks the end of her reproductive years and is diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without a period.

Yes, menopause is a normal part of aging and affects all women and people with female reproductive organs.

Women and people with female reproductive organs, usually between ages 45 and 55. It can happen earlier (before 40) due to medical treatments or certain conditions.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Hot flushes and night sweats
• Sleep problems and fatigue
• Mood changes, such as irritability or sadness
• Vaginal dryness
• Irregular periods leading up to stopping

Symptoms in older adults

• Postmenopausal women may continue to have some symptoms like vaginal dryness
• Increased risk of bone thinning (osteoporosis) and weight gain

Causes

Main causes

• Natural decline in the hormones estrogen and progesterone as the ovaries age
• Surgical removal of both ovaries (oophorectomy)
• Cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation that damage the ovaries

Risk factors

• Family history of early menopause
• Smoking cigarettes
• Certain medical conditions like autoimmune diseases or chromosomal abnormalities
• Starting periods very early (before age 11)

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• Very heavy or prolonged bleeding
• Bleeding after menopause has been confirmed (postmenopausal bleeding)

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your symptoms (such as hot flashes or mood changes) are affecting your daily life or sleep

Diagnosis

Menopause is usually diagnosed based on your menstrual history and symptoms. Sometimes a blood test can help, but no single test is definitive.

Tests that may be done

• FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) test – checks if levels are high, which can signal menopause
• Estradiol test – measures estrogen levels
• Thyroid function test – to rule out thyroid problems that can mimic menopause

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will ask about your periods, symptoms, and family history. They may recommend a pelvic exam or blood test. The process is simple and no special preparation is needed.

Treatment

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing long-term health issues like osteoporosis. Options range from lifestyle changes to medical therapies.

Self-care at home

• Stay cool: use fans, wear lightweight clothing, and keep a cool drink nearby
• Practice good sleep habits: keep your bedroom cool, avoid caffeine before bed
• Manage stress with relaxation techniques like deep breathing or yoga

Medical treatments

Medical treatments include hormone therapy (estrogen or combined estrogen-progestogen) to replace hormones, non-hormonal medications for hot flashes, and vaginal products (creams or rings) for dryness. Always discuss benefits and risks with your healthcare provider.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery to remove the ovaries is not a standard treatment for natural menopause. It may be done for other medical reasons, but that leads to immediate menopause.

Living with this condition

Living with menopause means finding ways to manage symptoms and stay healthy. Many women adjust with simple changes and support from their healthcare team.

Lifestyle tips

• Exercise regularly: walking, swimming, or weight-bearing activities help bones and mood
• Dress in layers so you can remove clothes when a hot flush strikes
• Limit alcohol and spicy foods, which can trigger hot flushes

Diet and exercise

Eat a balanced diet with plenty of calcium (milk, yogurt, leafy greens) and vitamin D (from sunlight or fortified foods). Weight-bearing exercise like walking or dancing helps maintain bone density.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Mood swings, anxiety, and low mood are common. Talking to a counselor or joining a support group can help. If feelings of depression persist, speak to a doctor.

Prevention

Menopause is a natural biological process and cannot be prevented. However, you can manage its effects proactively.

Screening programmes

Regular bone density scans (DEXA) are recommended for women at higher risk of osteoporosis. Also continue routine mammograms and cervical cancer screening as advised.

Complications

If left untreated

• Osteoporosis – bones become weak and more likely to break
• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (heart disease)
• Vaginal atrophy – thinning and inflammation of vaginal walls

Long-term outlook

With proper care and management, most women navigate menopause without major long-term problems. Healthy habits and regular check-ups help you stay strong and active for years to come.

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