obesity specialist tests overview

Overview

Obesity is a condition where a person has an unhealthy amount of body fat. It is usually measured using body mass index (BMI, a number based on your height and weight). A BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese. Being obese can increase your risk for other health problems, such as heart disease and diabetes.

Yes, obesity is very common. In many countries, more than 1 in 4 adults are living with obesity. It can affect people of all ages and backgrounds.

Obesity can affect anyone, including children, teens, adults, and older adults. It is more common in people with certain risk factors, such as a family history of obesity, an unhealthy diet, or a sedentary lifestyle.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Excess body fat, especially around the waist
• Shortness of breath with mild activity
• Snoring or sleep problems
• Joint pain, especially in the knees or back
• Low energy and tiredness

Symptoms in children

• Weight above the expected range for height and age
• Difficulty keeping up with friends in physical activities
• This can affect the child's self-esteem and social life

Symptoms in older adults

• Weight gain that makes it harder to move around
• Increased breathlessness with daily tasks
• Higher risk of falls due to joint pain or poor balance

Causes

Main causes

• Eating more calories than your body uses over time
• Not getting enough physical activity
• Genetics can affect how your body stores fat and uses energy
• Certain medical conditions, like an underactive thyroid

Risk factors

• Family history of obesity
• A diet high in processed foods, sugar, and unhealthy fats
• Low levels of physical activity
• Certain medications that can cause weight gain
• Lack of sleep or poor sleep quality
• Stress and emotional eating

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have sudden weight gain with difficulty breathing or swelling in your legs
• If you feel confused, have a severe headache, or notice any signs of stroke

Book a routine appointment if:

• If your BMI is 30 or higher and you want to lose weight
• If you have a waist size over 31.5 inches (80 cm) for women or 37 inches (94 cm) for men and are concerned about your health
• If you have other health conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure

Diagnosis

Your doctor will start by checking your weight and height to calculate your BMI. They may also measure your waist. They will ask about your health history, eating and activity habits, and any symptoms you have. They may also order blood tests to check for other health problems.

Tests that may be done

• Body mass index (BMI) calculation using your weight and height
• Waist circumference measurement to check for belly fat
• Blood tests: lipid panel (cholesterol), blood sugar (glucose), thyroid function, liver function
• Sometimes a sleep study if you have symptoms of sleep apnea (pauses in breathing during sleep)

What to expect at your appointment

The doctor will review your results and talk with you about your overall health. They may refer you to a specialist, such as a dietitian or an obesity medicine doctor, for more detailed assessment and support. The process is designed to be supportive and to help you find a plan that works for you.

Treatment

Treatment for obesity focuses on reaching a healthier weight through a combination of lifestyle changes, support, and sometimes medical help. The goal is to improve your health and reduce the risk of complications. Your doctor will work with you to create a plan tailored to your needs.

Self-care at home

• Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
• Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity each week, like brisk walking
• Set small, realistic goals and keep a food and activity diary
• Get enough sleep and manage stress with relaxation techniques

Medical treatments

Your doctor may recommend a structured weight management program that includes guidance from a dietitian or health coach. For some people, medications may be used as part of a plan, but these are only prescribed after a thorough evaluation and are combined with lifestyle changes. Your doctor will explain the options and risks if medications are appropriate for you.

When is surgery considered?

Weight loss (bariatric) surgery may be considered for people with severe obesity (BMI 40 or higher, or BMI 35 with serious health problems) who have not been able to lose weight with other methods. Surgery is a major step and requires a lifelong commitment to healthy habits. Your doctor will discuss if this is an option for you.

Living with this condition

Living with obesity is a long-term journey. Focus on building healthy habits that you can keep for life. This includes eating well, staying active, and getting regular check-ups. It can help to work with a healthcare team and to have support from family and friends.

Lifestyle tips

• Prioritize physical activity that you enjoy, like walking, swimming, or cycling
• Eat regular meals and watch portion sizes
• Limit sugary drinks and processed snacks
• Find ways to manage stress, such as meditation or hobbies
• Track your progress and celebrate small wins

Diet and exercise

A healthy diet and regular exercise are central to managing weight. Fill half your plate with vegetables and fruits, a quarter with whole grains, and a quarter with protein. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate activity most days. Even simple changes like taking the stairs or walking during lunch can help.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Obesity can affect your mental health, leading to low self-esteem, depression, or anxiety. It is important to talk about your feelings with someone you trust. Mental health support, such as counseling or support groups, can be a valuable part of your weight management plan.

Prevention

Obesity can often be prevented or managed with a healthy lifestyle from an early age. Eating a balanced diet, staying active, and maintaining a healthy weight are key. While genetics play a role, many cases of obesity are linked to modifiable behaviors.

Complications

If left untreated

• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure and heart disease
• Stroke
• Sleep apnea (pauses in breathing during sleep)
• Joint problems like osteoarthritis
• Fatty liver disease

Long-term outlook

With proper medical guidance and a commitment to healthy lifestyle changes, many people can lose weight, improve their health, and reduce their risk of complications. Even modest weight loss of 5–10% can make a big difference. It is never too late to start making positive changes.

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