IBS risks and benefits for patients

Overview

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the digestive system. It causes symptoms like stomach cramps, bloating, and changes in bowel habits – either diarrhoea, constipation, or both. It is a long-term condition, but treatments can help manage symptoms.

Yes, IBS is very common. It affects about 1 in 5 people in the UK at some point in their lives.

It can affect anyone, but it is more common in women and in people under 50. It often starts in the teenage years or early adulthood.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Abdominal pain or cramping that often eases after a bowel movement
• Bloating and a feeling of fullness
• Diarrhoea, constipation, or alternating between the two
• Excess gas
• Mucus in the stool

Symptoms in children

• Similar symptoms: tummy pain, bloating, diarrhoea or constipation
• Children may have more trouble describing the pain
• May have difficulty eating or poor appetite

Symptoms in older adults

• Similar symptoms, but may be mistaken for other age-related digestive issues
• Increased risk of dehydration from diarrhoea
• Need to rule out other conditions like diverticulitis or colon cancer

Causes

Main causes

• The exact cause is not known
• Problems with movement of the gut muscles (motility)
• Increased sensitivity of the intestinal nerves
• Changes in gut bacteria
• Stress or emotional upset

Risk factors

• Family history of IBS
• History of stressful life events
• Anxiety or depression
• Food intolerances (e.g., lactose, fructose)
• Some infections that cause gastroenteritis

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have blood in your stool
• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent diarrhoea
• Severe pain

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have ongoing bowel symptoms that affect your quality of life
• For a proper diagnosis and to rule out other conditions

Diagnosis

A doctor will usually diagnose IBS based on your symptoms and a physical exam. There is no single test for IBS.

Tests that may be done

• Blood tests to check for other conditions like coeliac disease
• Stool tests to look for infections or inflammation
• Sometimes a flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy if you have 'red flag' symptoms

What to expect at your appointment

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, bowel habits, and any triggers. They may run tests to rule out other conditions. You will not need a colonoscopy unless you have certain warning signs.

Treatment

Treatment for IBS focuses on relieving symptoms. It often involves a combination of diet changes, lifestyle adjustments, and sometimes medication.

Self-care at home

• Keep a food diary to identify triggers
• Try the low FODMAP diet under guidance
• Eat smaller, more frequent meals
• Manage stress with relaxation techniques
• Get regular physical activity
• Stay hydrated

Medical treatments

Doctors may recommend treatments such as fibre supplements, anti-diarrhoea medications, or laxatives, depending on your main symptoms. Some people benefit from medications that help regulate bowel movements or reduce pain. Always talk to your doctor before starting any new medication.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a treatment for IBS. It does not help the condition.

Living with this condition

Living with IBS can be challenging, but many people manage well with diet and lifestyle changes. You may need to plan ahead for meals and stress.

Lifestyle tips

• Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fibre
• Avoid triggers like fatty foods, caffeine, and alcohol
• Practice relaxation exercises
• Get enough sleep
• Stay active

Diet and exercise

A dietitian can help you develop an eating plan. Regular moderate exercise like walking can reduce symptoms. Avoid vigorous exercise after eating.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

IBS can affect your emotional well-being. Anxiety and stress can worsen symptoms, and the condition can cause worry and embarrassment. It's important to address mental health as part of treatment.

Prevention

There is no way to prevent IBS because the cause is not fully understood. However, managing stress, eating a healthy diet, and staying active may lower your risk.

Complications

If left untreated

• Chronic diarrhoea or constipation can lead to haemorrhoids or anal fissures
• Poor quality of life due to ongoing symptoms
• Risk of dehydration from severe diarrhoea
• Increased anxiety or depression

Long-term outlook

With the right management, most people with IBS can control their symptoms and live a full life. It is a long-term condition but does not damage the bowel or lead to serious disease. Treatments continue to improve.

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