pregnancy risks and benefits for patients

Overview

Pregnancy is a natural life event that can bring joy and fulfillment, but it also carries some health risks to both the pregnant person and the baby. This article explains the potential benefits and risks of pregnancy, so you can talk with your healthcare provider about what matters for your health.

Pregnancy is a common experience. Around the world, millions of people give birth every year. Many pregnancies are uncomplicated.

Pregnancy affects people of reproductive age who have a uterus. It also affects the baby, family, and community. Some people are more likely to face risks, such as those with certain health conditions or older age.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Missed period
• Nausea or vomiting (morning sickness)
• Tender or swollen breasts
• Feeling more tired than usual
• Needing to urinate more often

Causes

Main causes

• Pregnancy risks can come from the health of the pregnant person before or during pregnancy (such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or infections)
• The baby's health and development can also be affected by genetics, the placenta, or how the pregnancy is growing
• Lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, and substance use can increase risks

Risk factors

• Maternal age (under 17 or over 35)
• Having a chronic health condition (e.g., diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease)
• Carrying twins, triplets, or more
• History of pregnancy complications or preterm birth
• Being overweight or underweight
• Smoking, drinking alcohol, or using drugs during pregnancy
• Poor nutrition or lack of prenatal care

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• See your healthcare provider right away if you have any emergency signs listed above (heavy bleeding, severe pain, chest pain, etc.)
• If you have a fever, signs of infection, or your baby is moving less, contact your provider the same day

Book a routine appointment if:

• As soon as you know you are pregnant, book your first prenatal appointment
• Follow your provider's schedule for check-ups, blood tests, and ultrasound scans
• If you are planning a pregnancy, see a provider for a preconception check-up

Diagnosis

Pregnancy is usually diagnosed with a urine or blood test that detects a hormone called hCG. Once pregnancy is confirmed, your healthcare provider will assess your health and risk factors to plan your care.

Tests that may be done

• Urine and blood tests
• Ultrasound scans
• Screening tests for gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia
• Genetic screening, if offered and you choose it

What to expect at your appointment

At your appointments, your provider will check your blood pressure, weight, urine, and the baby's growth. They will talk with you about your medical history, lifestyle, and any concerns. You can ask questions at any time.

Treatment

Pregnancy is not an illness, but it does need careful monitoring. Treatment focuses on keeping you and your baby healthy, managing any complications early, and helping you prepare for birth.

Self-care at home

• Attend all your prenatal appointments
• Eat a balanced diet and take a folic acid supplement if recommended
• Stay active with safe exercises like walking or swimming
• Rest when you need to and avoid alcohol, smoking, and drugs
• Ask for help with stress or emotional difficulties

Medical treatments

Depending on your health and the pregnancy, your provider may suggest extra monitoring, medicines to manage conditions like high blood pressure or high blood sugar, or treatments during labor. Always discuss any medication with your healthcare provider, as not all treatments are safe during pregnancy, but many are available and can be used safely when needed.

When is surgery considered?

Most pregnancies do not require surgery. A cesarean section (C-section) is sometimes needed if complications arise, such as the baby's position, a health emergency, or a previous C-section. This decision is made together with your care team.

Living with this condition

Taking care of yourself during pregnancy means going to appointments, eating well, staying active, and asking for help when you need it. Pay attention to your body and raise any concerns with your provider.

Lifestyle tips

• Get enough sleep and rest
• Stay hydrated
• Avoid alcohol, smoking, and illegal drugs
• Manage stress with relaxation or talking to someone
• Wear comfortable clothing and shoes

Diet and exercise

Eat a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Stay active with gentle exercises like walking or prenatal yoga, unless your provider advises otherwise.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Pregnancy can bring strong emotions, including excitement, worry, and sadness. It is okay to ask for support. If you feel anxious, overwhelmed, or down, talk to your partner, family, or a healthcare professional. In emergencies, reach out for help immediately.

Prevention

You cannot prevent every pregnancy risk, but you can reduce many risks by seeing a doctor before pregnancy, managing health conditions, eating healthy, avoiding substances, and getting regular prenatal care.

Vaccines

Some vaccines, such as those for flu and whooping cough, are recommended during pregnancy to protect you and your baby. Ask your healthcare provider which ones are right for your situation and timing.

Screening programmes

Prenatal screening tests can check for conditions that may affect your pregnancy or baby. These are offered routinely in many countries, and you can discuss which tests you want.

Complications

If left untreated

• High blood pressure and pre-eclampsia can lead to serious problems for you and your baby
• Gestational diabetes can affect blood sugar levels and raise the risk of a larger baby or difficult birth
• Infection can cause preterm labor or harm the baby
• Placenta problems can lead to bleeding or restrict the baby's growth

Long-term outlook

The outlook for pregnancy and birth is good; with proper care, most complications can be managed and many people with high-risk pregnancies still have healthy births. If complications occur, your medical team will work with you to make the safest plan for you and your baby.

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