COVID-19 PCR test

Overview

A COVID-19 PCR test is a laboratory test that looks for the genetic material of the virus that causes COVID-19. It is one of the most accurate ways to tell if you currently have the infection. A swab is gently inserted into your nose or throat to collect a sample.

Yes, COVID-19 PCR tests have been widely used since the pandemic began. They are a standard tool in diagnosing COVID-19 and monitoring outbreaks.

Anyone may need a COVID-19 PCR test if they develop symptoms, have been in close contact with someone who tested positive, or are required to test for travel, work, or healthcare reasons.

Symptoms

Common symptoms

• Fever or chills
• Cough
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Muscle or body aches
• Headache
• New loss of taste or smell
• Sore throat
• Congestion or runny nose
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea

Symptoms in children

• Fever
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Fatigue
• Sometimes loss of taste or smell is less noticeable in young children

Symptoms in older adults

• Fever (may be lower than in younger people)
• Cough
• Confusion or sudden change in mental state
• Fatigue or weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Loss of appetite

Causes

Main causes

• Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19

Risk factors

• Close contact with someone who has COVID-19
• Being in crowded indoor settings without good ventilation
• Not being up to date with COVID-19 vaccines
• Having a weakened immune system

When to see a doctor

See a doctor urgently if:

• If you have emergency symptoms such as trouble breathing, chest pain, or confusion, call your local emergency number immediately.

Book a routine appointment if:

• If you have mild symptoms like a runny nose, slight cough, or fever, and you are at higher risk (older age or underlying health conditions), call your doctor for advice on testing and care.

Diagnosis

A healthcare provider or trained staff will use a long cotton swab to gently collect a sample from inside your nose or throat. This is sent to a lab where the PCR test detects the virus's genetic material.

Tests that may be done

• Nasal swab (the most common, inserted into the front of the nose or deeper into the nasal cavity)
• Throat swab (sometimes used, especially in combination with a nasal swab)
• Saliva test (you spit into a tube; less common but available in some places)

What to expect at your appointment

The swab may feel a little uncomfortable or make your eyes water, but it lasts only a few seconds. After the test, you can go home. You will be asked to isolate while waiting for results. If positive, follow local guidance on isolation and notify close contacts.

Treatment

A COVID-19 PCR test itself does not treat the infection. If you test positive, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing severe illness. Most people recover at home.

Self-care at home

• Rest as much as you can
• Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
• Take over-the-counter medications like paracetamol or ibuprofen to reduce fever and aches (always follow the package instructions or ask your pharmacist)
• Monitor your oxygen levels if you have a pulse oximeter and are at higher risk

Medical treatments

If you are at high risk for severe COVID-19, your doctor may prescribe antiviral medications or antibody treatments. These are given early after symptoms start, usually by mouth or by injection. Always follow your doctor's advice.

When is surgery considered?

Surgery is not a treatment for COVID-19. In rare cases, people with severe lung damage from COVID-19 may need a lung transplant, but this is a very last resort.

Living with this condition

If you test positive for COVID-19, you will need to isolate at home for at least 5 to 10 days, depending on local guidelines. Stay in a separate room from others if possible, wear a mask when around others, and clean surfaces often.

Lifestyle tips

• Keep a routine by setting regular sleep and meal times
• Stay connected with family and friends by phone or video
• Do gentle activities at home, like stretching or walking around the room, as long as you feel well enough

Diet and exercise

Eat nourishing foods like fruits, vegetables, and protein to help your body fight the virus. Stay hydrated. Rest is more important than exercise while you are sick. Once you recover, gradually return to normal activity.

Mental health and emotional wellbeing

Isolation and worry about COVID-19 can be stressful. If you feel anxious, depressed, or overwhelmed, it is important to reach out for support. Call a mental health crisis line or speak to your doctor. If you feel you might harm yourself, call your local emergency number right away.

Prevention

COVID-19 infection can be prevented or made less severe by getting vaccinated and boosted, wearing a mask in crowded indoor spaces, washing your hands often, and staying away from people who are sick.

Vaccines

Yes, several vaccines are available that greatly reduce your risk of getting severely ill from COVID-19. Talk to your doctor about which vaccine is right for you and when to get a booster dose.

Screening programmes

If you are at high risk or work in healthcare, your doctor may recommend periodic testing even if you do not have symptoms. Follow local public health advice.

Complications

If left untreated

• Severe pneumonia (lung infection)
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – severe lung damage
• Blood clots in the lungs, legs, or brain
• Multi-organ failure (kidneys, heart, etc.)
• Long COVID – symptoms that last for weeks or months after the initial illness

Long-term outlook

The outlook for COVID-19 has improved greatly thanks to vaccines and better treatments. Most people recover fully, especially if they are vaccinated and get care early. Even if you have severe illness, hospitals have effective ways to support you. The key is to get tested when you have symptoms and follow your doctor's advice.

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