Dental X ray types
Informed by recognized medical guidance
Overview
Dental X-rays (radiographs) are pictures of your teeth, gums, and jawbones. They help dentists see problems that cannot be seen with the naked eye, such as cavities between teeth, infections, or bone loss. The X-rays use a very small amount of radiation to create these images.
Key facts
- Dental X-rays can detect tooth decay and gum disease early, often before you feel any pain.
- There are different types of dental X-rays, each giving a different view of your mouth.
- Modern dental X-rays use very low radiation and are considered safe for most people.
Yes, dental X-rays are a routine part of dental care. Most people will have them at some point for check-ups or to help diagnose a specific problem.
Anyone who needs dental care may have dental X-rays. They are used for people of all ages, including children and older adults.
Symptoms
- Swelling in your face or neck that makes it hard to breathe or swallow
- Injury to your jaw that dislodges teeth or breaks bones
- ⚠Severe toothache with swelling that does not go away
- ⚠An abscess (a pocket of pus) causing intense pain and fever
Common symptoms
- Tooth pain or sensitivity to hot or cold
- Swollen or bleeding gums
- A pimple-like bump on your gum that may drain pus
Symptoms in children
- Children may need X-rays to check for cavities between teeth that a dentist cannot see, monitor the growth of adult teeth under the gums, or find teeth that are not coming in properly.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults may need X-rays to check for gum disease, bone loss around teeth, or decay under existing fillings, crowns, or bridges.
Causes
Main causes
- To detect cavities (tooth decay) that are not visible in your mouth
- To evaluate gum disease and loss of bone around teeth
- To check for infections, cysts, or tumours in the jawbone
- To plan dental treatments such as fillings, root canals, or dental implants
Risk factors
- Frequent tooth decay
- Gum disease
- Smoking or using tobacco
- Poor dental hygiene (not brushing or flossing regularly)
- A weakened immune system (for example, from certain medical conditions)
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- Sudden severe tooth pain with swelling in your face or jaw
- A broken or knocked-out tooth
- Signs of infection such as fever, pus, or swelling that spreads to your neck
Book a routine appointment if:
- During regular dental check-ups – usually every 1 to 2 years
- When you have a new dental problem your dentist wants to investigate
Diagnosis
Dental X-rays themselves are not a diagnosis – they are images that help your dentist make a diagnosis. The dentist will look at the X-rays along with examining your mouth and discussing your symptoms.
Tests that may be done
- Bitewing X-rays – show the upper and lower back teeth and help find cavities between teeth.
- Periapical X-rays – show the whole tooth from crown to root and the surrounding bone.
- Panoramic X-rays – give a wide view of your entire mouth, including all teeth, jaws, and sinuses.
- Occlusal X-rays – show the roof or floor of the mouth and are used to find extra teeth or jaw problems.
What to expect at your appointment
You will be asked to wear a lead apron (a protective shield) to reduce radiation exposure. A sensor or film is placed inside your mouth, and the X-ray machine takes a picture. The process is painless and takes only a few minutes.
Treatment
If your dentist finds a problem on the X-ray, they will discuss treatment options with you. Treatment depends on what is found – for example, a cavity may need a filling, gum disease may need a deep cleaning, or an infection may need a root canal or antibiotics.
Self-care at home
- Brush your teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
- Floss daily to remove plaque from between your teeth.
- Cut down on sugary foods and drinks.
- Visit your dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings.
Medical treatments
Treatment options may include fillings, root canal therapy, scaling and root planing (deep cleaning), or surgical procedures like tooth extraction. Your dentist will explain which option is best for your situation. Antibiotics may be prescribed for infections, but only your dentist or doctor can decide that.
When is surgery considered?
In some cases, such as impacted wisdom teeth, severe gum disease, or jaw cysts, surgery may be needed. Your dentist will refer you to a specialist (like an oral surgeon) if necessary.
Living with this condition
You do not live with dental X-rays every day – they are a tool used during dental visits. If a problem is found, your dentist will recommend follow-up appointments and X-rays as needed to monitor your oral health.
Lifestyle tips
- Keep up good oral hygiene at home – brush and floss daily.
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
- Wear a mouthguard if you play contact sports.
Diet and exercise
A balanced diet rich in calcium (from dairy, leafy greens, or fortified foods) and vitamin D helps keep teeth and bones strong. Limit sugary snacks and drinks. Regular exercise supports your overall health, including your immune system, which helps fight infections.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
Dental problems can cause stress or worry. Know that most dental issues are treatable. If you feel anxious about dental procedures or X-rays, talk to your dentist – they can help make you comfortable, for example by explaining the process or using calming techniques.
Prevention
You cannot prevent the need for all dental X-rays, but good oral hygiene and regular check-ups can reduce the chance of dental problems that require X-rays. X-rays themselves are a prevention tool – they catch problems early before they become serious.
Screening programmes
Dental X-rays are a form of screening. Your dentist will recommend them based on your age, risk factors, and symptoms. For most people, routine X-rays every 1–2 years are enough, but your dentist will advise what is right for you.
Complications
If left untreated
- If dental problems are not treated, they can get worse – for example, a small cavity can grow and lead to a tooth abscess or tooth loss.
- Gum disease can progress and cause bone loss, which may make your teeth loose or fall out.
- An untreated infection can spread to other parts of the body, such as your jaw, neck, or even your bloodstream.
Long-term outlook
With early detection through X-rays, most dental problems can be treated successfully. Even serious issues like advanced gum disease can be managed with proper care. Your oral health is an important part of your overall health, and regular check-ups – including X-rays when needed – help keep it on track.
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.
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Sources and guidance
This article is educational and is prepared with reference to recognized health information and clinical guidance sources where available. Specific source links may vary by topic.
Last updated: July 16, 2026
Educational note: This information is for education only and is not a diagnosis.
Use it to support, not replace, advice from a licensed clinician.
If symptoms are severe, worsening, or urgent, call your local emergency number or seek emergency care.
Guidance may differ by country or region. Confirm local recommendations with a qualified healthcare provider.