Lung Cancer
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- NICE—Lung cancer: diagnosis and management. NG122(2023)
- NHS—Lung cancer(2023)
- WHO—Cancer fact sheet(2023)
- CDC—Lung Cancer(2024)
- NCCN—NCCN Guidelines for Patients: Lung Cancer(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Lung cancer happens when cells in the lungs grow out of control, forming a tumour. This can affect breathing and spread to other parts of the body if not treated.
Key facts
- It is one of the most common cancers worldwide.
- Smoking is the leading cause, but non-smokers can also get lung cancer.
- Early detection can improve outcomes, but many cases are found at a later stage.
Yes, lung cancer is very common. It is the second most diagnosed cancer in both men and women globally.
Mostly people over 60, but it can occur at any age. It affects both men and women, and rates are higher in people who smoke or have a history of smoking.
Symptoms
- Coughing up a large amount of blood
- Sudden, severe chest pain or trouble breathing
- Feeling like you're choking or unable to get enough air
- ⚠Coughing up any blood (even a small amount)
- ⚠New or worsening shortness of breath
- ⚠Pain in the chest or shoulder that doesn't go away
- ⚠Unexplained weight loss of more than 5% in 6 months
Common symptoms
- A persistent cough that doesn't go away or gets worse
- Coughing up blood or rust-coloured phlegm
- Chest pain that is constant or worsens with deep breathing or coughing
- Shortness of breath or wheezing
- Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite
- Feeling very tired all the time
- Hoarseness
- Frequent lung infections like bronchitis or pneumonia
Symptoms in children
- Lung cancer in children is very rare. If it occurs, symptoms may include persistent cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath, similar to adults.
Symptoms in older adults
- Older adults may have the same symptoms, but they might mistake them for normal aging or other long-term conditions like COPD. They should still see a doctor.
Causes
Main causes
- Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes – this is the number one cause.
- Exposure to secondhand smoke (breathing in smoke from others).
- Long-term exposure to certain chemicals or substances like asbestos, radon gas, or diesel exhaust.
Risk factors
- Smoking or using tobacco products
- Having a family history of lung cancer
- Being over the age of 60
- Having a personal history of other lung diseases like COPD or pulmonary fibrosis
- Exposure to air pollution over many years
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you cough up blood – even just a little.
- If you have a persistent cough that lasts more than 3 weeks.
- If you have unexplained weight loss, chest pain, or shortness of breath.
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you are a current or former smoker and are due for a health check-up, mention any new symptoms.
- If you have a family history of lung cancer, talk to your doctor about your risk.
Diagnosis
If your doctor suspects lung cancer, they will ask about your symptoms, lifestyle, and family history. They may order tests to look for signs of cancer in your lungs.
Tests that may be done
- Chest X-ray – a simple scan to look for abnormal spots in your lungs.
- CT scan – a more detailed scan that gives a 3D picture of your lungs.
- Biopsy – taking a small sample of lung tissue to check for cancer cells.
- PET scan – a scan to see if cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
- Sputum cytology – checking phlegm for cancer cells.
What to expect at your appointment
You will likely see a lung specialist (respiratory doctor). Tests are usually done as an outpatient, meaning you don't stay in hospital overnight. A biopsy may need a short hospital stay. Results can take a few days to a week. Your doctor will explain everything step by step.
Treatment
Treatment for lung cancer depends on the type, stage, and your overall health. Options aim to remove or destroy the cancer, control its growth, or relieve symptoms. Your care team will create a plan just for you.
Self-care at home
- Quit smoking – this is the most important thing you can do to help treatment work better.
- Eat a balanced diet to keep your strength up.
- Get plenty of rest and listen to your body.
- Stay active as much as you can, with gentle activities like walking.
- Talk to your doctor about pain or other symptoms – there are ways to manage them.
Medical treatments
Medical treatments include surgery to remove the tumour, radiation therapy (high-energy beams), chemotherapy (drugs that kill cancer cells), immunotherapy (helps your immune system fight cancer), and targeted therapy (drugs that attack specific changes in cancer cells). Your doctor will discuss the best option for you. Never take any new treatments without talking to your doctor first.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is often an option if the cancer is found early and is in one spot. It involves removing the part of the lung containing the cancer. Surgery may not be recommended if the cancer has spread or if your lungs are not strong enough.
Living with this condition
Living with lung cancer can be challenging. You may feel tired, short of breath, or have pain. Pace yourself, and don't be afraid to ask for help. Keep a routine that includes rest and light activity. Work with your medical team to manage side effects.
Lifestyle tips
- Stay away from smoke and other lung irritants.
- Protect yourself from infections – wash your hands often and get flu and pneumonia vaccines if your doctor advises.
- Consider joining a support group to share experiences with others.
- Keep all your medical appointments.
Diet and exercise
Eat small, frequent meals if you have trouble eating. Focus on protein-rich foods like eggs, fish, and beans. Drink plenty of water. Gentle exercise, like walking or stretching, can help maintain strength and improve mood. Always check with your doctor before starting new activities.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A lung cancer diagnosis can bring sadness, anxiety, or worry. It is normal to feel this way. Talk to your care team – they can connect you with a counsellor or support service. If you ever feel overwhelmed or have thoughts of harming yourself, call a crisis helpline right away.
Prevention
Not all cases can be prevented, but you can lower your risk significantly. The single best step is to never start smoking, or to quit smoking if you do. Avoid secondhand smoke and limit exposure to workplace chemicals. Stay active and eat a healthy diet.
Vaccines
There is no vaccine to prevent lung cancer, but vaccines for flu and pneumonia are recommended to protect your lungs from infections.
Screening programmes
In some countries, people at high risk (e.g., long-term heavy smokers aged 55-74) may be offered low-dose CT screening to find lung cancer early. Ask your doctor if this is right for you.
Complications
If left untreated
- Cancer can spread to other organs, like the brain, liver, or bones.
- Fluid can build up around the lungs, causing more breathing trouble.
- Severe pain, weight loss, and weakness can worsen.
- Blockage of large blood vessels or airways can be life-threatening.
Long-term outlook
The outlook for lung cancer depends on the stage and type, as well as your general health. Many people with early-stage lung cancer can be treated successfully. Even for advanced cancer, treatments can help control the disease and improve quality of life. Survival rates have been improving thanks to new treatments. Your doctor can give you a more personalised outlook based on your situation.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
Helplines
External links open third-party websites. Ruqelo Health is not responsible for external content. Listing an organisation does not imply endorsement.
Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.