Ovarian Cancer
Sources consulted
This article is original patient-education content.
- WHO—Health topics A–Z(2024)
- NHS—Health A to Z(2024)
- CDC—Health topics(2024)
Based on international clinical guidelines
Overview
Ovarian cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow in the ovaries, which are two small organs in a woman's pelvis that store eggs and make female hormones. It can start in different parts of the ovary and may spread to other areas if not found early.
Key facts
- Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women in the UK, but it accounts for more deaths than any other gynaecological cancer.
- About half of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, when treatment is most effective.
- There is no routine screening test for ovarian cancer in the general population, but women with symptoms should see a doctor.
Ovarian cancer is not as common as breast or lung cancer, but it is still a significant health concern. About 1 in 50 women will develop it at some point in their lives. It is more common in women over 50, but younger women can also get it.
Ovarian cancer mainly affects women, especially those over 50. It is rare in women under 40. It can also affect people who were assigned female at birth, including some transgender men and non-binary individuals with ovaries.
Symptoms
- Sudden severe pain in the pelvis or tummy that does not go away
- Heavy vaginal bleeding outside of a period or after menopause
- Difficulty breathing or chest pain (possible sign of blood clot or spread)
- ⚠New or worsening bloating that lasts for more than two weeks
- ⚠Unexplained weight loss with tummy symptoms
- ⚠Fever with abdominal pain
Common symptoms
- Persistent bloating (feeling full or swollen in the tummy)
- Pain or discomfort in the lower tummy or pelvis
- Feeling full quickly when eating, or loss of appetite
- Needing to pee more often or urgently than usual
Causes
Main causes
- The exact cause is unknown, but ovarian cancer happens when genetic changes (mutations) cause cells in the ovary to grow out of control.
- Some cases are linked to inherited gene changes, such as in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which increase risk.
- Hormonal factors may play a role, but the disease is not contagious and cannot be caught from others.
Risk factors
- Getting older – risk increases after age 50
- Having a strong family history of ovarian or breast cancer (especially with BRCA gene mutations)
- Never having been pregnant, or having children later in life
- Endometriosis (a condition where tissue similar to the womb lining grows outside the womb)
- Using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for a long time
- Being overweight or obese
When to see a doctor
See a doctor urgently if:
- If you have new, persistent symptoms like bloating, tummy pain, or changes in bladder habits that last for more than two weeks
- If you have any vaginal bleeding after menopause
- If you feel a lump or swelling in your lower belly
Book a routine appointment if:
- If you have a family history of ovarian or breast cancer and want to discuss your risk
- If you are over 50 and have not had a recent check-up but have general concerns
- If you have endometriosis and notice any new symptoms
Diagnosis
Ovarian cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of a pelvic exam, imaging tests, and a blood test. If these suggest cancer, a biopsy (taking a small tissue sample) confirms the diagnosis.
Tests that may be done
- Pelvic exam: doctor feels for lumps or swelling in the ovaries or uterus
- Transvaginal ultrasound: a small probe placed in the vagina to create images of the ovaries
- CA125 blood test: measures a protein often higher in women with ovarian cancer (but can also be raised for other reasons)
- CT scan or MRI: detailed scans to see if cancer has spread
- Biopsy: usually done during surgery to remove the tumour, a sample is checked under a microscope
What to expect at your appointment
Diagnosis can take a few weeks. You will likely have an appointment with a gynaecological oncologist (a specialist doctor). Tests are generally painless, though some may be uncomfortable. You will be given support and information at every step. The results will help the team decide the best treatment for you.
Treatment
Treatment for ovarian cancer depends on the stage (how far it has spread) and your general health. The main treatments are surgery and chemotherapy. Sometimes targeted therapy (drugs that attack specific cancer cells) or radiotherapy is used. Treatment aims to remove the cancer and prevent it from coming back.
Self-care at home
- Get plenty of rest during treatment – your body needs energy to recover
- Eat small, frequent meals if you feel sick or have a poor appetite
- Stay hydrated – sip water throughout the day
- Talk to your healthcare team about managing side effects like fatigue, pain, or nausea
Medical treatments
Medical treatments for ovarian cancer include surgery to remove the tumour and often the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus. Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells and is given in cycles. Targeted therapy (for example, PARP inhibitors) may be used for certain types of ovarian cancer, especially in women with BRCA gene changes. Radiotherapy is less common but may be used for specific cases. Your doctor will explain the best options for your situation.
When is surgery considered?
Surgery is usually the first treatment for ovarian cancer. The goal is to remove as much of the cancer as possible. In many cases, this involves removing both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and the uterus (hysterectomy). If the cancer has spread, other nearby tissue may also be removed. Surgery may be done laparoscopically (keyhole) or through a larger incision.
Living with this condition
Living with ovarian cancer involves regular follow-up appointments, managing side effects, and adjusting to changes in your body. Many women continue normal activities as much as possible. It helps to set realistic goals and communicate openly with loved ones and your medical team.
Lifestyle tips
- Stay as active as you can – gentle exercise like walking can help your energy and mood
- Protect your mental health – talk to a counsellor or join a support group
- Ask for help with daily chores or childcare – you don’t have to do everything alone
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol to support your recovery
Diet and exercise
Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Small, frequent meals can help if you feel full quickly. Stay hydrated. Gentle exercise like walking, yoga, or stretching can reduce fatigue and improve mood. Always check with your doctor before starting a new activity.
Mental health and emotional wellbeing
A cancer diagnosis can cause anxiety, sadness, fear, and stress. It is normal to have strong emotions. Talk to your doctor about counselling or mental health support. Many people find comfort in speaking with others who have been through similar experiences. If you feel overwhelmed or hopeless, reach out for help – you are not alone.
Prevention
There is no sure way to prevent ovarian cancer, but certain things may lower your risk. These include using birth control pills for several years, having children, breastfeeding, and having a tubal ligation (getting your tubes tied). Women with a strong family history may consider risk-reducing surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes after completing their family.
Vaccines
There is no vaccine specifically for ovarian cancer. However, the HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer and may reduce the risk of some ovarian cancer types. Talk to your doctor about vaccination if you are eligible.
Screening programmes
There is no routine screening test for ovarian cancer for the general population. Women at very high risk (e.g., with BRCA gene mutations) may be offered regular ultrasound and blood tests, but this is only for those under specialist care.
Complications
If left untreated
- If ovarian cancer is not treated, it can grow and spread to other parts of the body, such as the lining of the abdomen, liver, or lungs
- It can cause fluid buildup in the abdomen (ascites), leading to discomfort and breathing problems
- Advanced cancer can cause pain, weight loss, and general weakness
Long-term outlook
The outlook for ovarian cancer varies. If caught early, the chances of successful treatment are very good. Even for more advanced cases, treatments have improved greatly, and many women live for many years with a good quality of life. Your doctor can give you a clearer idea based on your specific situation. Ongoing research brings new hope every year.
Find support
International organisations
Local organisations
- Cancer Research UK ↗ · UK
- Cancer Australia ↗ · Australia
Helplines
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Always verify with your doctor
Health guidelines vary by country and region. The information in this article is based on international clinical guidelines but may not reflect the specific guidelines, medications, or practices in your country. Always discuss your health concerns with your own doctor or healthcare provider, and refer to your local national health guidelines where available.
Important notice This information is for educational purposes only. It does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider about your specific situation. If you are experiencing a medical emergency, call your local emergency services immediately.