Kidney Stones

Gambaran keseluruhan

Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like pieces that form inside your kidneys when certain minerals in your urine become too concentrated. They can range in size from a grain of sand to a pea or even larger. Stones can cause severe pain when they move through your urinary tract.

Yes, kidney stones are fairly common. In the UK, around 1 in 10 people will experience a kidney stone during their lifetime.

Kidney stones can affect anyone, but they are most common in adults aged 30 to 60. Men are more likely to develop them than women. People with a family history of stones, those who are dehydrated, or those with certain medical conditions (such as gout or repeated urinary tract infections) are at higher risk.

Gejala

Gejala biasa

• Severe pain in your side and back, below the ribs
• Pain that spreads to your lower abdomen and groin
• Pain that comes in waves and changes in intensity
• Painful urination
• Pink, red, or brown urine (blood in urine)
• Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
• Nausea and vomiting
• A persistent need to urinate
• Fever and chills if an infection is present

Gejala pada kanak-kanak

• Abdominal pain rather than side pain
• Blood in the urine (pink or red)
• Frequent urination or crying when urinating
• Nausea and vomiting

Gejala pada orang dewasa yang lebih tua

• Less specific symptoms like confusion or weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Vague abdominal discomfort
• Sometimes no pain at all

Punca

Punca utama

• When your urine contains too many crystal‑forming substances such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, and not enough fluid to dilute them.
• When your urine lacks natural substances that prevent crystals from sticking together.

Faktor risiko

• Not drinking enough water (dehydration)
• Eating a diet high in salt, sugar, or animal protein
• Being overweight or obese
• Family history of kidney stones
• Certain medical conditions like gout, hyperparathyroidism, or repeated urinary tract infections
• Taking some medications (speak with your doctor if you are concerned)

Bila perlu berjumpa doktor

Jumpa doktor dengan segera jika:

• You have severe pain that does not improve
• You have fever and chills
• You cannot pass urine
• You see blood in your urine

Buat temujanji rutin jika:

• You have mild pain that comes and goes
• You have had a kidney stone before and want to discuss prevention
• You notice any change in your usual urination pattern

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, do a physical exam, and may order tests to confirm a kidney stone and learn its size and location.

Ujian yang mungkin dilakukan

• Urine tests to check for blood, crystals, or infection
• Blood tests to check kidney function and levels of certain minerals
• Imaging tests such as a CT scan or ultrasound to see the stone
• Sometimes an X‑ray called a KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder)

Apa yang diharapkan semasa temujanji anda

You may need to provide a urine sample and have blood drawn. Imaging tests are painless. If a stone is found, your doctor will discuss the best treatment options based on its size and location.

Rawatan

Treatment for kidney stones depends on the stone’s size, location, and composition, as well as your symptoms. Small stones often pass on their own, while larger stones may need medical help.

Penjagaan diri di rumah

• Drink plenty of water – enough to produce clear or light yellow urine
• Take over‑the‑counter pain relievers as directed (do not exceed the recommended dose)
• Apply a heating pad to the painful area to ease discomfort
• Strain your urine so you can catch the stone – your doctor can then analyse it

Rawatan perubatan

If the stone does not pass on its own or causes complications, your doctor may recommend treatments such as shock wave therapy to break the stone into smaller pieces (lithotripsy), or a scope procedure to remove it. Sometimes a small tube called a stent is placed to help urine flow. Your doctor will explain which approach is best for you.

Bila pembedahan dipertimbangkan?

Surgery may be needed for very large stones, stones that block urine flow, or stones causing infection. Procedures like removing the stone through a small cut in the back (percutaneous nephrolithotomy) or using a thin scope through the urethra (ureteroscopy) are options your doctor may discuss.

Hidup dengan keadaan ini

After treatment, most people can return to normal activities. While a stone is passing, you may need to rest and take time off work. Staying well‑hydrated and following your doctor’s advice can help prevent future stones.

Tip gaya hidup

• Drink at least 2 to 3 litres of water every day
• Reduce your salt intake
• If advised, limit foods high in oxalates (such as spinach, nuts, and chocolate)
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Avoid high‑dose vitamin C supplements unless your doctor recommends them

Diet dan senaman

A balanced diet with moderate protein and low salt can help prevent stones. Regular exercise is good for overall health, but you do not need special exercises for kidney stones. If you have a stone, avoid activities that cause jolting until it passes.

Kesihatan mental dan kesejahteraan emosi

Having kidney stones can be painful and stressful, and it may cause anxiety about future episodes. If you are feeling overwhelmed, talk to your doctor. They can provide support or refer you to a counsellor. Remember, you are not alone – many people go through this.

Pencegahan

Yes, many kidney stones can be prevented by staying hydrated and making dietary changes. Your doctor can help you identify the cause and suggest specific strategies.

Vaksin

There is no vaccine for kidney stones.

Program saringan

There is no routine screening for kidney stones. However, if you have had stones before or have risk factors, your doctor may monitor you with periodic urine or blood tests.

Komplikasi

Jika tidak dirawat

• Blockage of the urinary tract, which can lead to kidney damage
• Severe urinary tract infection that can spread to the bloodstream (sepsis)
• Scarring of the ureter (the tube from kidney to bladder)

Pandangan jangka panjang

Most kidney stones pass or are treated successfully with no lasting damage. With proper care and prevention, you can greatly reduce your chances of having more stones in the future. Your doctor will work with you to find the best plan.

Cari sokongan

Organisasi antarabangsa

• The Urology Foundation ↗
• International Kidney Stone Institute ↗

Organisasi tempatan

• NHS – Kidney Stones ↗ · United Kingdom
• Healthdirect Australia – Kidney Stones ↗ · Australia

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