Meningitis (Radang Selaput Otak)

Gambaran keseluruhan

Meningitis is an infection that causes swelling (inflammation) of the protective layers around your brain and spinal cord, called the meninges. It can be caused by germs like bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Bacterial meningitis is serious and needs urgent medical care, while viral meningitis is more common and usually less severe.

Meningitis is rare but serious. In the UK, there are about 3,200 cases of bacterial meningitis each year. Viral meningitis is more common but often milder.

Meningitis can affect people of all ages, but babies under 1 year, children under 5, teenagers and young adults, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk.

Gejala

Gejala biasa

• High fever
• Severe headache that feels different from usual headaches
• Stiff neck – trouble touching your chin to your chest
• Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
• Nausea or vomiting
• Confusion or difficulty concentrating

Gejala pada kanak-kanak

• Irritability and fussiness – crying more than usual
• Poor feeding or refusing to eat
• Being very sleepy or hard to wake up
• A bulging soft spot on the top of the head (fontanelle) in babies
• High-pitched or moaning cry
• Stiff body or floppy limbs

Gejala pada orang dewasa yang lebih tua

• Confusion or disorientation that comes on quickly
• Lethargy – feeling very tired and slowed down
• Fever may be mild or even absent
• Stiff neck (may be less obvious)
• Loss of appetite

Punca

Punca utama

• Bacterial infections – the most common are meningococcus, pneumococcus, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), group B streptococcus, and listeria
• Viral infections – usually enteroviruses, but also herpes simplex virus, mumps, and others
• Fungal infections – rare, mainly in people with very weak immune systems

Faktor risiko

• Age – being a baby, young child, teen, or older adult
• Living in close quarters, like dormitories, military barracks, or day care centers
• Not having had recommended vaccinations
• Having a weakened immune system (from conditions like HIV or certain medications)
• Head injury or brain surgery

Bila perlu berjumpa doktor

Jumpa doktor dengan segera jika:

• If you or your child have any symptoms of meningitis, especially fever with severe headache, stiff neck, and sensitivity to light
• If a rash appears that does not fade when pressed with a glass
• If you see any of the emergency symptoms listed above

Buat temujanji rutin jika:

• If you have been in close contact with someone diagnosed with meningitis, even if you feel fine – you may need preventive antibiotics or monitoring
• If you have mild symptoms like headache and fever after a trip to an area where meningitis is more common

Diagnosis

Doctors suspect meningitis based on your symptoms and a physical exam. They will check your neck flexibility, look for a rash, and test your reflexes. If meningitis is possible, they will start treatment immediately while running tests to confirm the cause.

Ujian yang mungkin dilakukan

• Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) – a needle takes a sample of fluid from around your spine to look for infection
• Blood tests – to check for bacteria or viruses and measure signs of inflammation
• Imaging – a CT or MRI scan to look at the brain and rule out other problems
• PCR test – a rapid test on spinal fluid or blood to identify the specific germ

Apa yang diharapkan semasa temujanji anda

You or your child will be admitted to hospital. The tests are done quickly, often within hours. A lumbar puncture can sound scary but is done with local anaesthetic and usually takes less than 30 minutes. Treatment will start before all results come back, because time is critical.

Rawatan

Treatment depends on what is causing the meningitis. Bacterial meningitis must be treated in hospital with antibiotics given through a vein. Viral meningitis usually gets better on its own with rest and hydration, though some viral types need antiviral medicine. Fungal meningitis requires long courses of antifungal medications.

Penjagaan diri di rumah

• Get plenty of rest – your body needs energy to fight the infection
• Drink fluids to stay hydrated, but follow your doctor's instructions if vomiting
• Take over-the-counter pain relievers for headache and fever (check with your doctor first)

Rawatan perubatan

For bacterial meningitis, treatment includes intravenous antibiotics and often corticosteroids to reduce swelling. Supportive care may include oxygen, fluids, and medicines to control seizures or low blood pressure. In severe cases, intensive care (ICU) is needed. For viral meningitis, most people recover with rest, fluids, and pain relief – antiviral medication may be given for certain viruses like herpes. Fungal meningitis is treated with antifungal drugs given intravenously or orally for many months.

Bila pembedahan dipertimbangkan?

Surgery is rarely needed. It may be used to drain an abscess (a pocket of pus) in the brain, to remove damaged tissue, or to relieve pressure inside the skull in very severe cases.

Hidup dengan keadaan ini

Recovery from meningitis can take weeks to months. Fatigue is very common, so plan for plenty of rest. You may need to take time off work or school. Follow-up appointments with your doctor are important to check for any long-term effects.

Tip gaya hidup

• Return to normal activities slowly – listen to your body and don't push too hard
• Get plenty of sleep at night and take short naps during the day if needed
• Avoid alcohol and smoking, as these can slow recovery

Diet dan senaman

Eat a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, protein, and whole grains to support your immune system. Drink water regularly. Gentle exercise, like short walks, can help with energy levels, but avoid strenuous activity until your doctor says it's safe.

Kesihatan mental dan kesejahteraan emosi

Meningitis can be a frightening experience. Many people feel anxious, depressed, or have trouble sleeping after recovery. Some may have nightmares or flashbacks (post-traumatic stress). It is normal to need time to process what happened. Talking to a counsellor or joining a support group can help.

Pencegahan

Many cases of meningitis can be prevented with vaccines and good hygiene. Vaccines are the most effective way to protect against bacterial meningitis. Practising good hand washing, not sharing utensils or drinks, and staying away from sick people also help reduce the risk.

Vaksin

Vaccines protect against several common causes of meningitis, including meningococcal (MenACWY, MenB), pneumococcal, Hib, and MMR (for mumps and measles). These are part of routine childhood immunisation in many countries. Some may be recommended for travel to areas where meningitis is more common.

Program saringan

There is no routine screening test for meningitis in healthy people. However, if you have been in close contact with someone with meningitis, public health authorities may offer antibiotics or monitoring to prevent infection.

Komplikasi

Jika tidak dirawat

• Sepsis (blood poisoning) – a life-threatening response to infection that can cause organ failure
• Brain damage – including problems with memory, concentration, or learning
• Hearing loss – partial or total, which may be permanent
• Seizures that continue long-term (epilepsy)
• Limb loss – sometimes fingers, toes, or limbs must be amputated because of sepsis

Pandangan jangka panjang

With early diagnosis and treatment, most people recover from meningitis. However, it can be a very serious illness, and many survivors have long-term effects such as fatigue, headaches, hearing loss, or emotional challenges. Vaccination is the best way to reduce the risk. If you or your child had meningitis, support and rehabilitation can help you live well.

Cari sokongan

Organisasi antarabangsa

• Meningitis Research Foundation ↗
• Meningitis Now ↗
• World Health Organization – Meningitis ↗

Organisasi tempatan

• NHS – Meningitis ↗ · United Kingdom
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Meningitis ↗ · United States
• Healthdirect Australia – Meningitis ↗ · Australia

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